| PATENT NUMBER | This data is not available for free |
| PATENT GRANT DATE | May 10, 1988 |
| PATENT TITLE |
Catalyst composition |
| PATENT ABSTRACT | Metallic catalysts are improved in performance and life when extended as a thin surface layer upon a porous, sintered metal substrate, particularly when employed in hydrogenation or decarbonylation reactions |
| PATENT INVENTORS | This data is not available for free |
| PATENT ASSIGNEE | This data is not available for free |
| PATENT FILE DATE | October 14, 1986 |
| PATENT CLAIMS |
Having described the invention, what is claimed is: 1. A catalyst composition consisting essentially of a first catalytic metal selected from the class consisting of palladium and rhodium and extended as a thin surface layer upon a second support metal selected from the class consisting of titanium, nickel and alloys comprising one or more of said support metals, and afforded as a porous, sintered substrate, wherein the first metal is present at a level of 0.1-10 weight percent, calculated as the elemental first metal and based on the weight of the catalyst composition. 2. The catalyst composition of claim 1 wherein the first catalytic metal is palladium. 3. The catalyst composition of claim 1 wherein the second support metal is titanium. 4. The catalyst composition of claim 1 wherein an intermediate metal layer selected from the class consisting of copper, platinum and mixtures thereof is first extended upon the surface of the second support metal, wherein the intermediate metal is present at a level of 0.1-10 weight percent, calculated as the elemental intermediate metal and based on the weight of the catalyst composition. 5. The catalyst composition of claim 1 wherein the surface area is within the range from about 0.01 to about 10 square meters per gram. 6. The catalyst composition of claim 1 wherein the pore diameter is within the range from about 1 to about 10 microns. 7. The catalyst composition of claim 1 wherein the first catalytic metal is palladium and the second support metal is titanium. 8. An improved hydrogenation catalyst composition consisting essentially of a first catalytic hydrogenation metal selected from the class consisting of palladium and rodium and extended as a thin surface layer upon a second support metal, selected from the class consisting of titanium, nickel and alloys comprising one or more of said support metals, and said support metal being present as a porous, sintered substrate, wherein the first metal is present at a level of 0.1-10 weight percent, calculated as the elemental first metal and based on the weight of the catalyst composition. 9. The catalyst composition of claim 8 wherein the first catalytic metal is palladium. 10. The catalyst composition of claim 8 wherein the second support metal is titanium. 11. The hydrogenation catalyst composition of claim 8 wherein an intermediate metal layer selected from the class consisting of copper, platinum and mixtures thereof is first extended upon the surface of the second support metal, wherein the intermediate metal is present at a level of 0.1-10 weight percent, calculated as the elemental intermediate metal and based on the weight of the catalyst composition. 12. The catalyst composition of claim 8 wherein the first catalytic metal is palladium and the second support metal is titanium. 13. An improved decarbonylation catalyst composition consisting essentially of a first catalytic decarbonylation metal selected from the class consisting of palladium and rhodium, and extended as a thin surface layer upon a second support metal selected from the class consisting of titanium, nickel and alloys comprising one or more of said support metals, said support metal being provided as a porous, sintered substrate and being present at a level of 0.1-10 weight percent, calculated as the elemental first metal and based on the weight of the catalyst composition. 14. The decarbonylation catalyst composition of claim 13 wherein an intermediate metal layer is first extended upon the surface of the second support metal, said intermediate metal being selected from the class consisting of copper, nickel, platinum and mixtures thereof and being present at a level of 0.1-10 weight percent, calculated as the elemental intermediate metal and based on the weight of the catalyst composition. 15. The decarbonylation catalyst composition of claim 13 wherein the first catalytic metal is palladium and the second support metal is titanium. 16. A monolithic metal catalyst composition for use in the purification of terephthalic acid by conversion of 4-carboxybenzaldehyde contaminant, consisting essentailly of a porous, sintered metallic support selected from the class consisting of titanium, nickel and alloys thereof, and having dispersed on the surface thereof a layer of catalyst metal, said catalyst metal being selected from the class consisting of palladium, rhodium, and mixtures thereof and being present at a level of 0.1-10 weight percent, calculated as the elemental catalytic metal and based on the weight of the catalyst conposition. 17. The monolithic metal catalyst composition of claim 16 wherein the catalyst metal is palladium and the porous, sintered metallic support is titanium. |
| PATENT DESCRIPTION |
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION In the purification of oxidation products, as, for example, terephthalic acid derived from the oxidation of p-xylene, major impurities include partially oxidized compounds, such as 4-carboxybenzaldehyde. This impurity can be substantially removed by hydrogenation of the aldehyde functional group to a methylol group or by decarbonylation with removal of the carbon-containing substituent group. Such modification of the impurity components converts them to products which can be more readily removed from the desired terephthalic acid product than can the original impurity components from which they were formed. In purification steps, as outlined above, a customary catalyst consists of palladium metal finely dispersed upon granules of activated coconut shell charcoal. Although such catalysts possess generally acceptable physical properties, the carbon granulates abrade easily, thus causing a new and different type of product contamination as well as leading to poor recovery of the palladium component. Both palladium recovery and catalyst fines contamination are related to catalyst physical properties such as crush strength, abrasion resistance and fines content. There remains a need, and it is an object of this invention to provide, a catalyst composition with a better catalyst support having improved physical properties. Other objects and advantages of the present invention will become apparent upon reading the following detailed description and appended claims. It has now been found that high-activity metal catalysts, having improved physical properties, may be obtained by the use of metallic support, particularly by the use of a porous, sintered metal as the catalyst substrate. Sintered metals are readily available so that such catalysts become practical and economically attractive. In the past, metal catalysts have been modified in various ways to achieve improved performance or improved physical characteristics. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 3,123,574 discloses the treatment of a palladium/charcoal catalyst with a salt of silver, mercury, or bismuth to improve hydrogenation of fatty oils. In U.S. Pat. No. 3,928,237, catalysts for suppressing emissions from internal combustion engines are prepared by first absorbing a metal-ammonia complex on a selected substrate, preferably alumina, and then decomposing the complex to afford the free metal. Separate preparations of different metals may be combined in use. In U.S. Pat. No. 4,187,200, an alloy of two metals is created on a support surface, one of the metals being converted to a volatile compound and removed to leave an active catalytic metal in porous form on a support which may be metallic or non-metallic. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to a catalyst composition comprising a first active, catalytic metal disposed or extended as a thin metallic layer upon the surface of a second metal present in the form of a porous, sintered substrate, wherein the first metal is present at a level of 0.1-10 weight percent calculated as the elemental first metal and based on the weight of the catalyst composition. Such catalytic metals may be selected from those active for hydrogenation, deoxygenation, decarbonylation, or other suitable chemical conversions. Such support metals include those having relatively high melting points but whose powders can be readily sintered to afford a porous matrix. The catalytic metals of this invention include palladium, nickel and rhodium, as well as platinum, copper, ruthenium, cobalt and suitable mixtures of any of these metals. The support metals of this invention include titanium, zirconium, tungsten, chromium, nickel and alloys incorporating one or more of these metals. Preferred support metals include titanium, nickel and the alloy Inconel, whose principal components are nickel, chromium and iron and the alloy stainless steel. This invention further relates to catalyst compositions wherein an intermediate metal layer is first disposed or extended upon the surface of the support metal. If present, the intermediate metal is present at a level of 0.1-10 weight percent, calculated as the elemental intermediate metal and based on the weight of the catalyst composition. Preferred intermediate metals include copper, nickel, platinum and mixtures of these metals. More particular embodiments of the monolithic metal catalysts of this invention relate to catalysts having a high and improved activity for use in process steps such as hydrogenation and decarbonylation. Particularly desirable catalysts are those suitable for use in the purification of terephthalic acid, especially for the removal of contaminants such as 4-carboxybenzaldehyde. DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The catalyst compositions of this invention generally comprise a porous, sintered metal support component together with a catalytic metal component extended upon the surface of the support component. In some instances a third metal layer is afforded intermediate the catalytic and support components. The catalyst compositions exhibit improved properties when employed in various catalytic conversions such as hydrogenation, decarbonylation and the like. Porous, sintered metal support components may, for example, be prepared by heating the powdered metal substantially in accordance with the disclosure of U.S. Pat. No. 2,997,777, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. The metal powder, having a particle size generally within the range from -100 to +325 mesh, is heated under conditions of time, temperature and pressure to provide a sintered mass having a pore diameter within the range from about 1 to about 10 microns and a surface area within the range from about 0.01 to about 2.0 square meters per gram. Although other metals, such as zirconium tungsten, and chromium, may be employed, the preferred support metals are titanium, nickel and alloys comprising one or more of the support metals. Preferred alloys are stainless steel and nickel-chromium-iron alloy, known in the trade as Inconel. Catalytic metals may be dispersed upon the support metal surface in relatively thin layers employing any effective method, although a preferred technique comprises electroplating from solution of a salt of the selected outer surface metal under controlled conditions to achieve the desired concentration of catalytic metal with a substantially uniform distribution thereof on the surface of the sintered support metal. The catalyst metal may be selected from among palladium, nickel, rhodium, platinum, copper, ruthenium, cobalt and mixtures of any of these. Preferred catalytic metals are palladium, nickel and rhodium. The concentration of the first catalytic metal in the catalyst composition of this invention is in the range of from about 0.1 to about 10 weight percent, calculated as the elemental first metal and based on the weight of the final catalyst composition. Whenever an intermediate metal layer is employed, it is preferably extended upon the surface of the support metal matrix by electroplating from a solution of a salt of the selected intermediate metal. Suitable intermediate layer metals include copper, nickel, platinum and mixtures of these metals. The concentration of the intermediate metal in the catalyst composition of this invention is in the range of from about 0.1 to about 10 weight percent, calculated as the elemental intermediate metal and based on the weight of the final catalyst composition. When such metal catalysts, afforded on a porous, sintered metallic surface, are employed in the preparation of purified terephthalic acid by the hydrogenation of an aqueous solution of crude terephthalic acid at elevated temperature, the major impurity, 4-carboxybenzaldehyde is converted either to 4-hydroxymethyl benzoic acid, 4-toluic acid, or benzoic acid. All of these products can be removed from purified terephthalic acid more readily than can 4-carboxybenzaldehyde. The surprising effectiveness of such monolithic metal catalysts, when compared with conventional metal/carbon or metal/alumina catalysts, wherein the substrate possesses a very high surface area, is believed to be due to the nature of the porous structure of the sintered support metal. The surface area of a porous metal is extremely small. When compared to that of a conventional support material, such as activated carbon, whose surface area is usually about 1,000 square meters per gram, the surface area of the porous support metal is less by a factor exceeding four orders of magnitude. Surprisingly, a significant increase in surface area occurs upon the plating of the support metal with one of the catalytic metals. For example, a four-fold increase in surface area is observed after plating a porous, sintered titanium support with palladium. Even greater increases are observed when employing porous nickel or porous Inconel, as shown in Table I. (In Table I, the palladium concentration is reported as weight percent of elemental palladium of the weight of the catalyst composition.) A palladium surface area of 0.2 m.sup.2 /g of catalyst is approximately that of a commercial catalyst for the purification of crude terephthalic acid after aging at 530.degree. F. Because of the greater density of porous metal catalysts, when compared with conventional catalysts for the purification of crude terephthalic acid, the surface area comparison becomes more favorable for the all-metal catalysts when made on an equal volume basis. The bulk density of porous, sintered titanium is 3.3 g/cm.sup.3 where that of conventional catalyst on a carbon support for the purification of crude terephthalic acid is 0.4 g/cm.sup.3. TABLE I ______________________________________ Surface Area Changes Upon Plating With Palladium Weight Surface Area (m.sup.2 /g) percent of Porous Support Support Pd-Plated Support Palladium ______________________________________ Titanium 0.06 0.22 0.1-2.5 Inconel 0.03 0.55 0.1-1.0 Nickel 0.025 1.21 0.1-10.0 ______________________________________ The ability of the low surface area porous metal catalyst to compete with high surface area granular carbon supports is believed due to the accessibility of substantially all of the metal support surface for reaction. Most of the carbon surface area is either too deep in the carbon particle or inaccessible in very small pores to either catalyst metal or reaction medium. Generally only 1% or less of the surface area of 4.times.8 mesh carbon granulates is catalytically useful. Hence, porous metal catalysts combine the good mass transfer properties of powdered catalysts with the ease of separation from reactions characteristic of monolithic catalysts. It is also true that porous metal catalysts have relatively uniform pore dimensions, whereas granular catalysts exhibit large void spaces where no reaction can be effected. Channeling is also a problem with the granular catalysts. Beds of porous metal catalysts exhibit higher pressure drops and show catalytic activity even at very short residence times. Since optimum utilization of these novel catalysts will generally require a different process design from that now employed, as, for example, in purification of terephthalic acid for use in polyester processing, one attractive use of such catalysts involves final purification, or recycle, treatment of a chemical stream. Employing terephthalic acid as an example, final conversion of 4-carboxybenzaldehyde in a recycle operation may be effected at a lower temperature with the catalysts of this invention while lessening the likelihood of other and undesirable chemical conversions occurring |
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