| PATENT NUMBER | This data is not available for free |
| PATENT GRANT DATE | September 7, 1999 |
| PATENT TITLE |
High dose IGF-1 therapy |
| PATENT ABSTRACT | The present invention involves a method for providing high dose IGF-I therapy by administering a complex of IGF-I and IGFBP-3. The IGF-I/IGFBP-3 complex may be given at unexpectedly high doses without inducing IGF-I-related side effects |
| PATENT INVENTORS | This data is not available for free |
| PATENT ASSIGNEE | This data is not available for free |
| PATENT FILE DATE | March 1, 1996 |
| PATENT REFERENCES CITED |
Malozowski et al. (1994) "Risks and Benefits of Insulin-like Growth Factor," Ann. Internal Med. 121(7):549. Cioffi et al. (1994) "Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 Lowers Protein Oxidation in Patients with Thermal Injury," Annals of Surgery 220(3):310-319. Takano et al. (1990) "Effects of sc Administration of Recombinant Human Insulin-Like Growth Factor I (IGF-I) on Normal Human Subjects," Endocrinol. Japon. 37(2):309-317. Klinger et al. (1993) "Acute Effects of IGF-1 in Patients with Laron Syndrome and Normal Subjects," Pediatr. Adolesc. Endocrinol. 24:221-225. Ebling et al. (1995) "Short-Term Effects of Recombinant Human Insulin-Like Growth Factor I on Bone Turnover in Normal Women," J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metabolism 77(5):1384-1387. Miller et al. (1994) "Effects of IGF-I on Renal Function in End-Stage Chronic Renal Failure," Kidney International 46:201-207. Thompson et al. (1995) "The Effects of Recombinant Human Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I and Growth Hormone on Body Composition in Ederly Women," J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metabolism 80(6):1845-1852. Lieberman et al. (1994) "Anabolic Effects of Recombinant Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I in Cachectic Patients with the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome," J. Clin. Endocrinol. 78(2):404-410. Laron et al. (1991) "Biochemical and Hormonal Changes Induced by One Week of Administration of rIGF-I to Patients with Laron Type Dwarfism," Clin. Endocrinol. 35:145-150. Grinspoon et al. (1995) "Effects of rhIGF-I Administration on Bone Turnover During Short-Term Fasting," The American Society of Clinical Investigation, Inc. 96:900-906. Guler et al.(1987) "Short-Term Metabolic Effects of Recombinant Human Insulin-Like Growth Factor I In Healthy Adults," New England J. Medicine 317:137-140. Jabri et al. (1994) "Adverse Effects of Recombinant Human Insulin-Like Growth Factor I in Obese Insulin-Resistant Type II Diabetic Patients," Diabetes 43:369-274. Stong et al. (1993) "Effects of Multiple Subcutaneous Doses of rhIGF-1 on Total and Free IGF-1 Levels and Blood Glucose in Humans," Ann. New York Acad. Sci. 692:317-320. Adams, S., et al., "Protection from hypoglycemic response to IGF-I by administration of IGF-I with its binding protein IGFBP-3 in the rat and monkey" The Endocrine Society, 77th Annual Meeting, Jun. 14-17, 1995, Washington, D.C., p. 186. Blum et al., "Plasma IGFBP-3 levels as clinical indicators" Modern Concepts in Insulin-Like Growth Factors, (1991) E.M. Spencer, ed., Elsevier, New York, pp. 381-393. Zapf et al., "Intravenously injected insulin-like growth factor (IGF) I/IGF binding protein-3 complex exerts insulin-like effects in hypophysectomized, but not in normal rats" Clinical Investigation (1994) 95:179-186. Baxter, "Circulating levels and molecular distribution of the acid-labile (.alpha.) subunit of the high molecular weight insulin-like growth factor-binding protein complex" J. Clin. Endocrinol. (1990) 70:1347-1353. Rinderknecht et al., "Polypeptides with nonsuppressible insulin-like and cell-growth promoting activities in human serum: Isolation, chemical characterization, and some biological properties of forms I and II" Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1976) 73:2365-2369. Baxter et al., "Growth hormone-dependent insulin-like growth factors (IGF) binding protein from human plasma differs from other human IGF binding proteins" Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. (1986) 139:1256-1261. Sommer et al., "Molecular genetics and actions of recombinant insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3" Modern Concepts of Insulin-Like Growth Factors (1991) E.M. Spencer, ed., Elsevier, New York, pp. 715-728. Clemmons et al., "Uses of human insulin-like growth factor-1 in clinical conditions" J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metabol. (1994) 79:4-6. Clark et al., "Insulin-like growth factor I stimulation of lymphopoiesis" J. Clin. Invest. (1993) 92:540-548. Delany et al., "Cellular and clinical perspectives on skeletal insulin-like growth factor I" J. Cell. Biochem. (1994) 55:328-333. Steenfos, "Growth factors and wound heeling" Scand. J. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. Hand Surg. (1994) 28:95-105. Lewis et al., "Insulin-like growth factor I: Potential for treatment of motor neuronal disorders" Exp. Neurol. (1993) 124:73-88. Lieberman et al., "Effects of recombinant human insulin-like growth factor-I (rhIGF-I) on total and free IGF-I concentrations, IGF-binding proteins and glycemic response in humans" J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. (1992) 75:30-36. Guler et al., "Short-term metabolic effects of recombinant human insulin-like growth factor I in healthy adults" New Engl. J. Med. (1987) 317:137-140. Goth, "Drug absorption and distribution" Medical Pharmacology 13th edition, (1992) Clark, W. G. et al., eds., Mosby Year Book, St. Louis, pp. 33-34. Goodman et al., The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, Eighth edition, (1990) Gilman et al., eds., Pergamon Press, New York. The title page and table of contents are included herewith. Baxter et al., "Structure of the M.sub.r 140,000 growth hormone-dependent insulin-like growth factor binding protein complex: Determination by reconstitution and affinity-labeling" Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1989) 86:6898-6902. Baxter et al., "Regulation of the insulin-like growth factors and their binding proteins by glucocorticoid and growth hormone in nonislet cell tumor hypoglycemia" J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metabol. (1995) 80:2700-2708. Baxter et al., "Purification and characterization of the acid-labile subunit of rat serum insulin-like growth factor binding complex" Endocrinol. (1994) 134:848-852. Davies et al., "Physiological parameters in laboratory animals and humans " Pharm. Res. (1993) 10:1093-1095. Bagi et al., "Benefit of systemically administered rhIGF-I and rhIGF-I/IGFBP-3 on cancellous bone in ovariectomzed rats" J. Bone Mineral Res. (1994) 9:1301-1311. Bagi et al., "Systemic administration of rhIGF-I or rhIGF-I/IGFBP-3 increases cortical bone and lean body mass in ovariectomized rats" bone (1995) 16:263S-269S. Bagi et al., "Treatment of ovariectomized rats with the complex of rh1GF/IGFBP-3 increases cortical and cancellous bone mass and improve structure in the femoral neck" Calcif. Tissue Int. (1995) 57:40-46. Bengtsson et al., "Treatment of adults with growth hormone (GH) deficiency with recombinant human GH" J. Clin. Endocrinol. (1993) 76:309-317. Ross et al., "Critically ill patients have high basal growth hormone levels with attenuated oscillatory activity associated with low levels of insulin-like growth factor" Clin Endocrinol. (1978) 35:47-54. Hintz et al., "Plasma somatomedin and growth hormone values in children with protein-calorie malnutrition" J. Pediatr. (1978) 92:153-156. Dahn et al., "Insulin-like growth factor I production is inhibited in human sepsis" Arch. Surg. (1988) 123:1409-1414. Miell et al., "Administration of human recombinant insulin-like growth factor-I to patients following major gastrointestinal surgery", Clin. Endocrinol. (1992) 37:542-551. Cioffi et al., "Insulin-like growth factor-1 lowers protein oxidation in patients with thermal injury" Ann. Surg. (1994) 220:310-319. Lieberman et al., "Anabolic effects of recombinant insulin-like growth factor-I in cachectic patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome" J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metabol. (1994) 78:404-410. The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy, (1992) 16th ed., Berkow, R., ed., Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ. The title page and table of contents are included herewith. Malozowski et al., "Risks and benefits of insulin-like growth factor" Ann. Int. Med. (1994) 121:549. "Current Emergency Diagnosis and Treatment", (1992) 4 ed., Saunders et al., eds. Lange Medical Publications. The title page and table of contents are included herewith. Jabri et al., "Adverse effects of recombinant human insulin-like growth factor I in obese insulin-resistant Type-II diabetic patients" Diabetes (1994) 43:369-374. Ogle et al., "Renal effects of growth hormone. II. Electrolyte homeostasis and body composition",Pediatr. Nephrol. (1992) 6:483-489. Cohn et al., "Carpal tunnel syndrome and gynaecomastia during growth hormone treatment of elderly men with low circulating IGF-I concentrations", Clin. Endocrinol. (1992) 39:417-425. Bagi et al., "Systemic Administration of rhIGF-I or rhIGF-I/IGFBP-3 Increases Cortical Bone and Lean Body Mass in Ovariectomized Rats" Bone (1995) 16(4 Suppl):253S-269S. Zapf et al., J. Clin. Invest., vol. 95, Jan. 1995, pp. 179-186 (1995). |
| PATENT CLAIMS |
We claim: 1. A method for providing high dose IGF-I therapy without inducing clinically significant hypoglycemia, comprising administering a 1 milligram per kilogram to 20 milligrams per kilogram dose of IGFI/IGFBP-3 complex to a human, wherein said dose is administered by subcutaneous infusion or slow release implantable device. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein said dose is 1 milligram per kilogram to 3 milligrams per kilogram. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| PATENT DESCRIPTION |
FIELD OF THE INVENTION The invention relates generally to the treatment of humans with insulin like growth factor complexed to insulin like growth factor binding proteins, and particularly to the treatment of humans with insulin like growth factor I complexed to insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3. BACKGROUND Growth factors are polypeptides which stimulate a wide variety of biological responses (e.g., DNA synthesis, cell division, expression of specific genes, etc.) in a defined population of target cells. A variety of growth factors have been identified, including transforming growth factor .beta.1 (TGF-.beta.1), TGF-.beta.2, TGF-.beta.3, TGF-.beta.4, TGF-,.beta.5, epidermal growth factor (EGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-1) and IGF-II. IGF-I and IGF-II are related in amino acid sequence and structure, with each polypeptide having a molecular weight of approximately 7.5 kilodaltons (kD). IGF-I mediates the major effects of growth hormone, and thus is the primary mediator of growth after birth. IGF-I has also been implicated in the actions of various other growth factors, since treatment of cells with such growth factors leads to increased production of IGF-I. In contrast, IGF-II is believed to have a major role in fetal growth. Both IGF-I and IGF-II have insulin-like activities (hence their names), and are mitogenic (stimulate cell division) for the cells in neural tissue, muscle, reproductive tissue, skeletal tissue and a wide variety of other tissues. Unlike most growth factors, the IGFs are present in substantial quantity in the circulation, but only a very small fraction of this IGF is free in the circulation or in other body fluids. Most circulating IGF is bound to an IGF-binding protein called IGFBP-3. IGF-I may be measured in blood serum to diagnose abnormal growth-related conditions, e.g., pituitary gigantism, acromegaly, dwarfism, various growth hormone deficiencies, etc. Although IGF-I is produced in many tissues, most circulating IGF-I is believed to be synthesized in the liver. Almost all IGF circulates in a non-covalently associated ternary complex composed of IGF-I or IGF-II, IGFBP-3, and a larger protein subunit termed the acid labile subunit (ALS). This ternary complex is composed of equimolar amounts of each of the three components. ALS has no direct IGF binding activity and appears to bind only to the IGF/IGFBP-3 binary complex. The ternary complex of IGF+IGFBP-3 +ALS has a molecular weight of approximately 150 Kd. This ternary complex is alleged to function in the circulation "as a reservoir and a buffer for IGF-I and IGF-II preventing rapid changes in the concentration of free IGF" (Blum et al., 1991, "Plasma IGFBP-3 Levels as Clinical Indicators" in Modem Concepts in Insulin-Like Growth Factors, E. M. Spencer, ed., Elsevier, New York, pp. 381-393). The ternary complex is also believed to play an important role in the prevention of hypoglycemia due to high doses of IGFI, by binding IGF-I/IGFBP-3 complex and restricting its distribution (Zapf et al., 1994, "Intravenously Injected Insulin-like Growth Factor (IGF) I/IGF Binding Protein-3 Complex Exerts Insulin-like Effects in Hypophysectomized, but Not in Normal Rats", Clinical Investigation 95: 179-186). ALS is growth hormone-dependent, so hypophysectomized rats and other subjects with insufficient levels of growth hormone have little to noALS (Baxter, 1990, 1990, "Circulating Levels and Molecular Distribution of the Acid-labile (.alpha.) Subunit of the High Molecular Weight Insulin-like Growth Factor-Binding Protein Complex" J Clin. Endocrinol. 70(5): 1347-1353). Nearly all of the IGF-I, IGF-II and IGFBP-3 in the circulation is in complexes, so very little free IGF is detectable. Moreover, a high level of free IGF in blood is undesirable. High blood levels of free IGF lead to serious hypoglycemia, due to the insulin-like activities of IGF, as well as other adverse side effects. In contrast to the IGFs and IGFBP-3, there is a substantial pool of free ALS in plasma which assures that IGF/IGFB-3 complex entering the circulation immediately forms the ternary complex. However, it is believed that saturating free ALS by administration of high levels of IGF-I/IGFBP-3 will also lead to hypoglycemia (Zapf et al., ibid). IGFBP-3 is the most abundant IGF binding protein in the circulation, but at least five other distinct IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs) have been identified in various tissues and body fluids. Although these proteins bind IGFs, they each originate from separate genes and have distinct amino acid sequences. Thus, the binding proteins are not merely analogs or derivatives of a common precursor. Unlike IGFBP-3, the other IGFBPs in the circulation are not saturated with IGFs. None of the IGFBPs other than IGFBP-3 can form the 150 Kd ternary complex with IGF-I and ALS. IGF-I and IGFBP-3 may be purified from natural sources or produced by recombinant means. For instance, purification of IGF-I from human serum is well known to the art (Rinderknecht et al., 1976, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci, (USA) 73: 2365-2369). Production of IGF-I by recombinant processes is shown in EP 0,128,733, published in December of 1984. IGFBP-3 may be purified from natural sources using a process such as that shown in Baxter et al., (1986, "Growth Hormone-Dependent Insulin-Like Growth Factors (IGF) Binding Protein from Human Plasma Differs from Other Human IGF Binding Proteins", Biochem Biophys. Res, Comm, 139: 1256-1261). IGFBP-3 may be synthesized by recombinant organisms as discussed in Sommer et al. (1991, "Molecular Genetics and Action of Recombinant Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein-3", in Modem Concepts of Insulin-Like Growth Factors, E. M. Spencer, ed., Elsevier, New York, pp. 715-728). This recombinant IGFBP-3 binds IGF-I in a 1:1 molar ratio. Studies with IGF-I have suggested its utility in treating a wide variety of indications. Clemmons and Underwood (1994, "Uses of Human Insulin-like Growth Factor-I in Clinical Conditions" J Clin. Endocrinol. Metabol. 79(1): 4-6) have suggested that IGF-I may be useful for the treatment of catabolic states, such as can arise due to trauma, severe burns, and major surgery. Clemmons and Underwood (supra) also suggest the utility of IGF-I in the treatment of acute and chronic renal disorders. IGF-I may be useful for the treatment of lymphopoietic disorders (Clark et al., 1993, "Insulin-like Growth Factor I Stimulation of Lymphopoiesis" J Clin. Invest. 92: 540-548). IGF-I has also been suggested as potentially useful in the treatment of bone disorders, such as osteoporosis, as well as wound healing and peripheral nerve disorders (Delany et al., 1994, "Cellular and Clinical Perspectives on Skeletal Insulin-like Growth Factor I" J. Cell. Biochem. 55(3): 328-333; Steenfos, 1994, "Growth Factors and Wound Healing" Scand J Plast. Reconstr. Surg. Hand Surg. 28(2): 95-105; Lewis et al., 1993, "Insulin-like Growth Factor I: Potential for Treatment of Motor Neuronal Disorders" Exp. Neurol. 124(1): 73-88). IGF-I, when administered alone, can give rise to multiple deleterious side effects. The most commonly cited side effect of IGF-I administration is the induction of hypoglycemia. IGF-I induces significant hypoglycemia (significant hypoglycemia is normally defined as a decrease in blood glucose of 30% or more) in humans at doses of 30 .mu.g/kg by intravenous administration and 100 .mu.g/kg by subcutaneous administration (Lieberman et al., 1992, "Effects of Recombinant Human Insulin-like Growth Factor-I (rhIGF-I) on Total and Free IGF-I Concentrations, IGF-Binding Proteins, and Glycemic Response in Humans", J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 75(1): 30-36; Guler et al., 1987, "Short-term Metabolic Effects of Recombinant Human Insulin-like Growth Factor I in Healthy Adults", New England J. Med. 317(3): 137-140). Other side effects include hypophosphatemia, which can cause muscle seizures and cardiac arrhythmia, and changes in sodium excretion, which can lead to edema. The activities of the IGF-I/IGFBP-3 complex have been less extensively studied. In wound healing, topical administration of IGF-I/IGFBP-3 complex to rat and pig wounds is significantly more effective for promoting wound healing than administration of IGF-I alone (Sommer et al., supra). Some studies have been performed using systemically administered IGF-I/IGFBP-3 complex, although usually at low doses. Zapf et al. (supra) gave normal and hypophysectomized rats a 4 mg/kg IV bolus of IGF-I/IGFBP-3 complex. This dose induced significant hypoglycemia in hypophysectomized rats, which are deficient in growth hormone and growth hormone-dependent proteins (such as ALS), but not normal rats. Sommer et al. (supra) gave a greater dose of IGF-I/IGFBP-3 complex to hypophysectomized rats, 40 mg/kg. This dose, which was administered by subcutaneous bolus injection, induced significant hypoglycemia (50% reduction in blood glucose). Although the dose given by Sommer et al. appears to be significantly greater than that given by Zapf et al., Sommer used a different route of administration (subcutaneous). Subcutaneous administration normally results in a lower and delayed peak concentration in the blood, particularly with large protein drugs (for example, see Goth's Medical Pharmacology, 13th edition, Clark, W. G., Brater, D. C., and Johnson, A. R., eds. Mosby Year Book, St. Louis, 1992 and Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, Eighth edition, Gilman, A. G., Rall, T. W., Nies, A. S., and Taylor, P., eds., Pergamon Press, New York, 1990). In addition to testing IGF-I and IGF-I/IGFBP-3 complex, Zapf also forwarded a model for explaining why IGF-I/IGFBP-3 complex causes a lower degree of hypoglycemia compared to IGF-I alone. The Zapf model is the first and only model that can be used to make quantitative predictions as to the dose of IGF-I/IGFBP-3 complex that will cause hypoglycemia. The Zapf model predicts that IGF-I/IGFBP-3 complex bound in the ternary complex with ALS is non-hypoglycemic, but IGF-LIGFBP-3 complex in the 40 kD complex (i.e., not bound to ALS) can cause hypoglycemia. IGF-I alone is hypoglycemic because there is no excess IGFBP-3 to form the 40 kD complex, and thus free IGF-I cannot form the 150 kD ternary complex (Baxter and Martin, 1989, "Structure of the M.sub.r 140,000 Growth Hormone-dependent Insulin-like Growth Factor Binding Protein Complex: Determination by Reconstitution and Affinity-labeling" Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. USA 86: 6898-6902)., The Zapf model predicts that adding enough IGF-I/IGFBP-3 complex to saturate ALS in the blood would lead to hypoglycemia. This model is supported by Baxter et al., who suggest that low ALS levels are cause of hypoglycemia in patients with nonislet cell tumors (1995, "Regulation of the Insulin-like Growth Factors and Their Binding Proteins by Glucocorticoid and Growth Hormone in Nonislet Cell Tumor Hypoglycemia" J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metabol. 80(9): 2700-2708). The model disclosed in Zapf may be used to calculate the dose at which IGF-I/IGFBP-3 complex is expected to induce hypoglycemia. This calculation requires the determination of (a) the amount of IGF-I/IGFBP-3 complex required to bind all the free ALS in the blood and (b) the amount of IGF-I/IGFBP-3 complex that is the molar equivalent of the dose of free IGF-I that induces hypoglycemia. These two numbers are added together to find the dose of IGF-I/IGFBP-3 complex that is expected to induce hypoglycemia. ALS levels, both total and free ALS, have been measured in humans and rats (Baxter, supra; Baxter and Dai, 1994, "Purification and Characterization of the Acid-labile Subunit of Rat Serum Insulin-like Growth Factor Binding Complex" Endocrinol. 134(2): 848-852). In rats, total ALS is reported to be 42 .mu.g/ml in blood (ALS is limited to the vascular space due to its large size). Of that 42 .mu.g/ml, 33.6 .mu.g/ml (80%) of the ALS is free (i.e., not bound to the IGFI/IGFBP-3 complex) (Baxter and Dai, supra). In normal humans, total ALS is 24.2 .mu.g/ml, with one third, or 8 .mu.g/ml, of the total as free ALS. The amount of IGF-I/IGFBP-3 complex required to bind the free ALS is the molar equivalent of the free ALS; approximately 16.5 .mu.g/ml in the rat and 4 .mu.g/ml in the human. These numbers are then multiplied by the blood volumes of rats and humans, respectively, to yield the quantity of IGF-I/IGFBP-3 complex required to bind all of the free ALS (total blood volume is 54 ml/kg in rats, 74.3 ml/kg in humans (Davies and Morris, 1993, "Physiological Parameters in Laboratory Animals and Humans", Pharm. Res. 10(7): 1093-1095). Thus, the amount of IGF-I/IGFBP-3 complex required to bind all of the free ALS is 891 .mu.g/kg in rats and 300 .mu.g/kg in humans. Significant hypoglycemia is induced by IV IGFI at 0.8 mg/kg in rats (Zapf et al., supra) and 0.03 mg/ml in humans Lieberman et al., supra). The molar equivalent amounts of IGF-I/IGFBP3 complex are 4 mg/kg and 0.15 mg/kg, respectively. Thus, the amount of IGF-I/IGFBP-3 complex expected to produce hypoglycemia, administered IV, is 4.9 mg/kg in rats and 0.45 mg/kg in humans. It would be desirable to give doses of IGF-I/IGFBP-3 complex that are even greater than the doses that are predicted to cause hypoglycemia. This is because of the expected greater efficacy of a higher dose. Studies with IGF-I/IGFBP-3 complex show a dose-response relationship, but show no signs of a plateau in the response to increasing amounts of the complex, suggesting that greater doses would lead to increased efficacy (Bagi et al., 1994, "Benefit of Systemically Administered rhlGF-I and rhlGF-I/IGFBP-3 on Cancellous Bone in Ovariectomized Rats", J Bone Mineral Res. 9(8): 1301-1311; Bagi et al., 1995, "Systemic Administration of rhlGF-I or rhIGF-I/IGFBP-3 Increases Cortical Bone and Lean Body Mass in Ovariectomized Rats", Bone 16(4 suppl.): 263S-269S; Bagi et al., 1995, "Treatment of Ovariectomized Rats with the Complex of rhIGF-I/IGFBP-3 Increases Cortical and Cancellous Bone Mass and Improves Structure in the Femoral Neck". Calcif Tiss. Int. 57: 40-46). Accordingly, there exists in the art a need for a method for providing high dose IGF-I or IGF-I/IGFBP-3 complex therapy. BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention provides a method for providing high dose IGF-I therapy without inducing the side effects of IGF-I. The inventors have found that a complex of IGF-I and IGFBP-3 may be administered at surprisingly high levels without inducing IGF-I-related side effects. In one aspect, the invention provides a method of providing high dose IGF-I therapy without inducing hypoglycemia by administering IGF-I/IGFBP-3 complex by intravenous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, or subcutaneous routes. In another aspect, the invention provides a method for providing high dose IGF-I therapy without inducing hypoglycemia in a subject with insufficient levels of growth hormone or growth hormone resistance by administering IGF-I/IGFBP-3 complex by intravenous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, or subcutaneous routes. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 shows the effects of IGF-I and IGF-I/IGFBP-3 on serum glucose in rats. Open circles indicate 0.2 mg/kg rhIGF-I; open squares indicate 2 mg/kg rhIGF-I; open diamonds indicate 5 mg/kg rhIGF-I; filled circles indicate 10 mg/kg rhIGF-I/IGFBP-3 complex (molar equivalent of 2 mg/kg rhIGF-I); filled squares indicate 100 mg/kg rhlGF-I/IGFBP-3 complex (molar equivalent of 20 mg/kg rh1 GF-I); filled diamonds indicate 200 mg/kg rhIGF-I/IGFBP-3 complex (molar equivalent of 40 mg/kg rhIGF-1). FIG. 2 shows serum levels of human rhIGF-I in rats following intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM) or subcutaneous (SC) bolus administration. Open squares indicate IV; filled diamonds indicate SC; filled circles indicate IM. Serum samples were assayed using an IRMA assay which is specific for human IGF-I. DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION The invention relates high dose IGF-I therapy, by administering an unexpectedly large dose of a complex of IGF-I and IGFBP-3. Applicants have found that the IGF-I/IGFBP-3 complex can protect the subject from the known adverse effects of IGF-I alone, and also be used to deliver a surprisingly large dose to the subject. Protection from IGF-I-induced hypoglycemia by administration of IGF-I/IGFBP-3 complex has been predicted in the art (Sommer et al., ibid.; Zapf et al., ibid.). However, Applicants have discovered that the IGFI/IGFBP-3 complex can deliver a dose of IGF-I that is surprisingly greater than one skilled in the art would have predicted. Applicants have also have discovered, unexpectedly, that the IGF-I/IGFBP-3 complex prevents other, dose-limiting, side effects of IGF-I administration. As used herein, "IGF-I" refers to insulin-like growth factor I from any species, including bovine, ovine, porcine and human, in nativesequence or variant form, including but not limited to naturally-occurring allelic variants, and from any source, whether natural, synthetic or recombinant, provided that it will bind IGFBP-3 at the appropriate site. Preferred herein is human native-sequence, mature IGF-I, more preferably without an amino-terminal methionine. More preferably, the native sequence, mature IGF-I is produced recombinantly, for example, as described in PCT publication WO 95/04076. As used herein, "acid labile subunit" and "ALS" refer to the acidlabile, 84-86 kD, non-IGF-binding subunit of the 125-150 kD ternary complex. ALS is preferably human ALS. ALS may be from any source, including natural, synthetic, or recombinant sources. "Insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3" (IGFBP-3 ) is a member of the insulin-like growth factor binding protein family. IGFBP-3 may be from any species, including bovine, ovine, porcine and human, in nativesequence or variant form, including but not limited to naturally-occurring allelic variants. IGFBP-3 can form a binary complex with IGF, and a ternary complex with IGF and the acid labile subunit (ALS). IGFBP-3 may be from any source, whether natural, synthetic or recombinant, provided that it will bind IGF-I and ALS at the appropriate sites. A "therapeutic composition", as used herein, is defined as comprising IGF-I complexed with its binding protein, IGFBP-3 (IGFI/IGFBP-3 complex). The therapeutic composition may also contain other substances such as water, minerals, carriers such as proteins, and other excipients known to one skilled in the art. A subject having "insufficient levels of growth hormone" is one who lacks sufficient levels of growth hormone to maintain proper growth and health. Insufficient levels of growth hormone may be found in a number of pathological states, including, but not limited to, dwarfism and hypopituitarism (Bengtsson et al., 1993, "Treatment of Adults with Growth Hormone (GH) Deficiency with Recombinant Human GH" J Clin.Endocrinol. Metabol. 76(2): 309-317). A subject having "growth hormone resistance" is a subject having normal to elevated levels of growth hormone, but who fails to respond to growth hormone. Growth hormone resistance may be found in a number of pathological states, including, but not limited to, Laron type dwarfism, recovery from trauma, bums or injury, malnutrition, severe infection, and AIDS (Ross et al., 1991, "Critically III Patients Have High Basal Growth Hormone Levels with Attenuated Oscillatory Activity Associated with Low Levels of Insulin-like Growth Factor-I" Clin. Endocrinol. 35: 47-54; Hintz et al., 1978, "Plasma Somatomedin and Growth Hormone Values in Children with Protein-Calorie Malnutrition" J Pediatr. 92: 153-156; Dahn et al., 1988, "Insulin-like Growth Factor I Production Is Inhibited in Human Sepsis" Arch. Surg 123:1409-1414; Lieberman et al., supra). Conditions that will benefit from high dose IGF-I therapy are any condition that would benefit from the administration of IGF-I. Such conditions include, but are not limited to: neurological disorders such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Charcot-Marie-Tooth Syndrome, diabetic neuropathy, and drug-induced neuropathy (such as peripheral neuropathy induced by chemotherapeutic agents including vincristine, cisplatin, and the like), and pulmonary disorders such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; renal disorders such as glomerulonephritis, glomerulosclerosis, interstitial nephritis, acute tubular necrosis, diabetic nephropathy, autoimmune nephropathy, and acute and chronic renal failure; growth disorders such as growth hormone insufficiency, hypopituitarism, growth hormone resistance and Laron dwarfism; recovery from bodily insults, -such as recovery from trauma, burns, bone fractures or surgery; gastrointestinal disorders such as short bowel syndrome and pancreatic disease; reversal of catabolism in subjects with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), cancer cachexia, or steroid-induced catabolism (such as can occur as a result of long term steroid therapy for disorders such as asthma, autoimmune disease, inflammatory bowel disease, immune suppression for organ transplantation, and rheumatoid diseases); bone disorders such as osteoporosis, osteopetrosis, osteogenesis imperfecta, and Paget's disease; reproductive disorders such as hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, male infertility, failure of gamete maturation, and polycystic ovarian disease; and hematopoietic disorders such-as anemia, plasma cell dyscrasias, erythropoietin insensitivity and deficient total hemoglobin. It is desirable to give high dose IGF-I therapy by administering IGF-I/IGFBP-3 complex to a subject because of the increased efficacy of higher doses. The method of the invention involves giving a dose of IGF-I/IGFBP-3 complex to a human by parenteral administration. Parenteral administration includes, but is not limited to, intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), subcutaneous (SC), intraperitoneal (IP), intranasal, and inhalant routes. IV, IM, SC, and IP administration may be by bolus or infusion, and in the case of SC, may also be by slow release implantable device, including, but not limited to pumps, slow release formulations, and mechanical devices. The formulation, route and method of administration, and dosage will depend on the disorder to be treated and the medical history of the patient. In general, a dose that is administered by subcutaneous injection will be greater than the therapeutically-equivalent dose given intravenously or intramuscularly. A composition comprising equimolar amounts of IGF-I and IGFBP-3 is preferred. Preferably the IGF-I and IGFBP-3 are complexed prior to administration. Preferably, the complex is formed by mixing approximately equimolar amounts of IGF-I and IGFBP-3 dissolved in physiologically compatible carriers such as normal saline, or phosphate buffered saline solution. Most preferably, a concentrated solution of rhIGF-I and a concentrated solution of rhIGFBP-3 are mixed together for a sufficient time to form an equimolar complex. For parenteral administration, compositions of the complex may be semi-solid or liquid preparations, such as liquids, suspensions, and the like. Physiologically compatible carriers include, but are not limited to, normal saline, serum albumin, 5% dextrose, plasma preparations, and other protein-containing solutions. Optionally, the carrier may also include detergents or surfactants. The dose of complex to be administered can be readily determined by those skilled in the art, based on the condition to be treated, the severity of the condition, and the patient's medical history. Preferably, when the complex is administered daily, the intravenous or intramuscular dose for a human is about 0.5 mg/kg to 10 mg/kg of body weight per day. More preferably, the daily intravenous or intramuscular dose for a human is about 0.8 mg/kg to 5 mg/kg. Most preferably, the daily intravenous or intramuscular dose for a human is about 1 mg/kg to 3 mg/kg. For subcutaneous administration, the dose is preferably greater than the therapeutically-equivalent dose given intravenously. Preferably, the daily subcutaneous dose for a human is 1 mg/kg to 20 mg/kg. Trauma and many disease states can lead to reduced levels of growth hormone, which in turn can lead to reduced levels of ALS (Miell et al., 1992, "Administration of Human Recombinant Insulin-like Growth Factor-I to Patients Following Major Gastrointestinal Surgery", Clin. Endocrinol. 37: 542-551; Cioffi et al., 1994, "Insulin-like Growth Factor-I Lowers Protein Oxidation in Patients with Thermal Injury" Ann. Surg. 220(3): 310-319). Other conditions, such as acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), can lead to growth hormone resistance, which can also lead to reduced levels of ALS (Lieberman et al., 1994, "Anabolic Effects of Recombinant Insulin-like Growth Factor-I in Cachetic Patients with Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome" J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metabol. 78(2): 404-410). The daily dose for humans suffering from reduced growth hormone levels or growth hormone resistance, is preferably about 0.3 mg/kg to about 20 mg/kg. More preferably, the daily dose for a human suffering from reduced growth hormone levels or growth hormone resistance is about 0.5 mg/kg to about 10 mg/kg. Most preferably, the daily dose for a human suffering from reduced growth hormone levels or growth hormone resistance is about 0.75 mg/kg to about 5 mg/kg. Children normally have sufficient levels of growth hormone and are not resistant to growth hormone. However, ALS levels are lower than adult levels (Baxter and Martin, supra). For example, children from zero to one year of age have ALS levels that are reduced by 50% or more when compare to adult ALS levels. Children from one to seven years of age have a ALS levels that are reduced by 30% or more when compared to ALS levels in adults. Thus children from zero to seven years of age are like persons with insufficient levels of growth hormone or growth hormone resistance, in that they have low ALS levels. Preferably, the daily dose of IGF-I/IGFBP-3 complex for a child from zero to one year of age is about 0.3 mg/kg to about 10 mg/kg. Preferably, the daily dose of IGF-I/IGFBP-3 complex for a child from one to seven years of age is about 0.4 mg/kg to about 15 mg/kg. |
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