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| LICENSOR | This data is not available for free |
| LITERATURE REF. | This data is not available for free |
| PATENT NUMBER | This data is not available for free |
| PATENT GRANT DATE | August 13, 2002 |
| PATENT TITLE |
Bulk animal feeds containing conjugated linoleic acid |
| PATENT ABSTRACT | A conjugated linoleic acid is prepared in industrial scale as a hydrolyzed isomerized product for blending into bulk domestic animal feeds. The CLA-containing isomerized hydrolyzed oil from sunflower and safflower seeds has sufficiently low levels of phosphatides and sterols to permit crude processing and incorporation into feeds of an undried, undistilled oil fraction without toxic or unpalatable effects |
| PATENT INVENTORS | This data is not available for free |
| PATENT ASSIGNEE | This data is not available for free |
| PATENT FILE DATE | October 19, 2001 |
| PATENT REFERENCES CITED |
Moore, J. Biochem. 31:142 (1937). Kass et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 61:4829 (1939). Radlove et al., "Catalyst Isomerization of Evgetable Oils," Ind.Eng. Chem. 38(10):997-1002 (1946). Sullivan, JAOCS, 53:359 (1976). Braae, "Degumming and Refining Practices in Europe," JAOCS 53:353-357 (1976). Klein et al., JAOCS 51:382A-385A, 1974. Burkhardt, Phosphatides Isolated From Seeds of Commercial and Experimental Safflower Varieties, JAOCS 48:697-99 (1971). Erickson et al., Handbook of Soy Oil Processing and Utilization, AOCS, Champaign (1980). Sonntag, "Fatty Acids in Industry", Fat Splitting and Glycerol Recovery, Johnson and Fritz, eds. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, 23:72 (1989). Church, "Livestock Feeds and Feeding," O&B Books, Inc., Corvallis OR (1984). Ensminger et al., "Feeds & Nutrition," 2nd Ed., Ensminger Publishing Co., Clovis CA 394:395, 507-43, 574-83 (1990). McBain, "Pelleting Animal Feed," American Feed Manufacturers Assoc., Arlington, VA (1974). FDA Regulations, 1977 Official Publication, Association of Feed Control Officials Inc. (1997). Chin et al., "Dietary Sources of Conjugated Dienoic Isomers of Linoleic Acid, a Newly Recognized Class of Anticarcinogens," J. Food. Comp. Anal. 5:185-197 (1992). Sebodio et al., "Metabolites of Conjugated Isomers of Linoleic Acid (CLA) in the Rat," Biochem. Biophys. Acta 1345:5-10 (1997). Clement, I., "Review of the Effects of Trans Fatty Acids, Oleic Acid, n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids, and Conjugated Linoleic Acid on Mammary Carinogenesis in Animals," Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 66 (Suppl.):1523S-9S (1997). Sebedio et al., "Linoleic Acid Isomers in Heat Treated Sunflower Oils," JAOCS 65(3)362-366 (1988). Holman et al., "Unusual Isomeric Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Liver Phospholipids of Rats Fed Hydrogenated Oil," PNAS 88:4830-34 (1991). Bradley et al., "Alkali-Induced Isomerization of Drying Oils and Fatty Acids," Ind. Eng. Chem. 34(2)237-42 (1942). Cowan, J.C., "Isomerization and Trans-Esterification," JAOCS 492-499 (1950). Belury, M.A., "Conjugated Dienoic Linoleale: A Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid with Unique Chemoprotective Properties," Nat. Rev. 53(4):83-9 (1955). Park et al., "Effect of Conjugated Linoleic Acid on Body Composition in Mice," Lipids 32(8):853-58 (1997). Christie et al., "Isomers in Commercial Samples of Conjugated Linoleic Acid," JAOCS 74(11):1231 (1997). Lie Ken Jie et al., "Synthesis and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Properties of All Geometrical Isomers of Conjugated Linoleic Acids," Lipids 32(10):1041-44 (1997). Schat et al., "Silver-Ion High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic Separation and Identification of Conjugated Linoleic Acid Isomers," Lipids 33(2):271-221 (1998). Lie Kem Jie et al., "High-Resolution Nuclear Magnetic Responance Spectropscopy--Applications to Fatty Acids and Triacylglycerols," Lipids 32(10):1019-1034 (1997). Willett et al., "Trans Fatty Acids: Are the Effects Only Marginal?", Am. J. Public Health 84(5):722-24 (1994). Burkhardt, H.J., "The Phosphatides of Safflower Seeds Involved in Color Formation Occurring in Extracted and Heated Crude Oils," JAOCS 47:69-72 (1970). Itoh et al., "Sterol Composition of 19 Vegetable Oils," JAOCS 50:122-25 (1973). Smiles et al., "Effect of Degumming Reagents on the Recovery and Nature of Lecithins From Crude Canola, Soybean and Sunflower Oils," JAOCS 65(7) 1151-55 (1988). |
| PATENT PARENT CASE TEXT | This data is not available for free |
| PATENT CLAIMS |
What is claimed is: 1. An animal feed made by the method comprising: a) providing a seed oil having a linoleic acid content of at least 50 percent, said seed oil selected from sunflower oil and safflower oil; b) subjecting said seed oil to fat splitting and alkali treatment under conditions such that an isomerized preparation is created, wherein at least 50 percent isomerization of linoleic acid to conjugated linoleic acid is obtained; c) treating said isomerized preparation under conditions such that aqueous and non-aqueous fractions are generated, said non-aqueous fraction comprising said conjugated linoleic acid; d) separating said non-aqueous fraction from said aqueous fraction; and e) formulating an animal feed supplement with said non-aqueous fraction. 2. A method of formulating and animal feed comprising: a) providing a seed oil having a linoleic acid content of at least 50 percent, said seed oil selected from sunflower oil and safflower oil; b) subjecting said seed oil to fat splitting and alkali treatment under conditions such that an isomerized preparation is created, wherein at least 50 percent isomerization of linoleic acid to conjugated linoleic acid is obtained; c) treating said isomerized preparation under conditions such that aqueous and non-aqueous fractions are generated, said non-aqueous fraction comprising said conjugated linoleic acid; d) separating said non-aqueous fraction from said aqueous fraction; and e) formulating an animal feed with said non-aqueous fraction. 3. A human food supplement made by the method comprising: a) providing a seed oil having a linoleic acid content of at least 50 percent, said seed oil selected from sunflower oil and safflower oil; b) subjecting said seed oil to fat splitting and alkali treatment under conditions such that an isomerized preparation is created, wherein at least 50 percent isomerization of linoleic acid to conjugated linoleic acid is obtained; c) treating said isomerized preparation under conditions such that aqueous and non-aqueous fractions are generated, said non-aqueous fraction comprising said conjugated linoleic acid; d) separating said non-aqueous fraction from said aqueous fraction; and e) formulating a human food supplement with said non-aqueous fraction. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| PATENT DESCRIPTION |
FIELD OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to a new use of conjugated linoleic acid in animal feeds. The conjugated linoleic acid is manufactured in an industrial scale process from seed oils such as sunflower oil and safflower oil, which contain non-fatty acid residues low enough to avoid final purification by distillation, but still pure enough to be safely fed to animal in bulk feed. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Processes for the conjugation of the double bonds of polyunsaturated unconjugated fatty acids have found their main application in the field paints and varnishes. Oils comprised of triglycerides of conjugated fatty acids are known as drying oils. Drying oils have value because of their ability to polymerize or "dry" after they have been applied to a surface to form tough, adherent and abrasion resistant films. Tung oil is an example of a naturally occurring oil containing significant levels of conjugated fatty acids. Because tung oil is expensive for many industrial applications, research was directed towards finding a substitute. In the 1930's, it was found that conjugated fatty acids were present in oil products subjected to prolonged saponification, as originally described by Moore, J. Biochem., 31: 142 (1937). This finding led to the development of several alkali isomerization processes for the production of conjugated fatty acids from various sources of polyunsaturated fatty acids. In alkali isomerization the fatty acids are exposed to heat, pressure and a metal hydroxide or oxide in nonaqueous or aqueous environments, resulting in the formation of conjugated isomers. Other methods have been described which utilize metal catalysts, which is not as efficient in the production of conjugated double bonds. It was found that isomerization could be achieved more rapidly in presence of higher molecular weight solvent. Kass, et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 61: 4829 (1939) and U.S. Pat. No. 2,487,890 (1950) showed that replacement of ethanol with ethylene glycol resulted in both an increase in conjugation in less time. U.S. Pat. No. 2,350,583 and British Patent No 558,881 (1944) achieved conjugation by reacting fatty acid soaps of an oil with an excess of aqueous alkali at 200-230 degrees C. and increased pressure. Among the processes known to effect isomerization without utilizing an aqueous alkali system, is a nickel-carbon catalytic method, as described by Radlove, et al., Ind. Eng. Chem.38: 997 (1946). A variation of this method utilizes platinum or palladium-carbon as catalysts. Purified conjugated linoleic acid ("CLA") has recently been shown in several studies to have unique properties when used as a food additive. Purified CLA appears to affect fat deposition in animals. Purified CLA both increases the lean to fat ratio, effectively reducing body fat, and increases feed conversion efficiency. An additional advantage of feeding CLA is that it appears to modulate immune responses under certain conditions. In laboratory animal studies CLA has been shown to prevent weight loss due to immune stimulation and to treat immune hypersensitivity. The purified CLA utilized in prior studies as an animal feed additive was obtained by small scale laboratory procedures involving production of CLA from highly purified linoleic acid. Laboratory and pilot scale oil refining systems have been described for preparation of purified seed oils. For example Sullivan, J. Am. Oil Chemists' Soc., 53: 359 (1976), describes a laboratory semi-pilot steam refining system made entirely of glass. While these systems are adequate for producing quantities of conjugated fatty acids for laboratory studies, or even clinical trials, they are not suitable for commercial scale bulk production. On the other hand, the large scale systems available to produce industrial quantities of conjugated acids, as in classical drying oils, cannot be run inexpensively enough to produce material for bulk animal feeds. The standard degumming, refining, and dehydration steps necessary to obtain nutritionally safe edible conjugated oils for livestock feeding, are prohibitively complex and expensive. (See Braae, J. Am. Oil Chemists' Soc., 53: 353 (1976) for a discussion of complex degumming processes as practiced on a commercial scale in Europe). Also there are significant losses of product through polymerization of conjugated fatty acids or their precursors at high temperatures. Economical CLA production in commercial quantities for use in domestic food animal feeds is a desirable objective in light of the nutritional benefits realized on a laboratory scale. Preferably, the CLA is produced directly from a source of raw vegetable oil and not from expensive purified linoleic acid. Further, the process must avoid cost generating superfluous steps, and yet result in a safe and wholesome product palatable to animals. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION In the present invention, a feed safe conjugated linoleic acid is manufactured according to a method otherwise used for producing an industrial grade conjugated product for use in paint and varnish. Typically, residues (i.e. the chemically modified end products resulting from heat and pressure) derived from non-oil components of seed oils, such as sterols and phosphatides, form unpalatable, or even toxic by-products under processing conditions. Generally seed oils such as corn or soy bean oil must be extensively degummed, and the sterols and phosphatides are meticulously removed in a series of purification steps to avoid fouling of equipment, and to recover a wholesome product. In addition to removal of impurities and by-product polymerized or carmelized material during processing, it is necessary to acidify and finally distill the oil to obtain product of requisite purity for use in food. Subjecting the oil to isomerization causes further impurities, and requires even more rigorous decontaminating and by-product removal. Surprisingly, the Applicant has discovered that a complex purification scheme for producing a feed safe conjugated linoleic-containing oil is not necessary, if the starting material is an oil having less than 0.5 percent phosphatides, and an unsaponifiable sterol fraction containing less than 20 percent each of campesterol and stigmasterol. According to this criteria, sunflower and safflower oil are suitable starting oils for production of the present feed safe CLA enriched oil, but soybean oil or corn oil are not suitable because of the high unsaponifiable content, and also high levels of linolenic acid that tends to readily polymerize. It is further desirable to have a starting oil with a high linoleic acid content, so that the final product has a correspondingly high CLA content. The present invention encompasses the new use in domestic animal feed of conjugated linoleic acid produced from a seed oil, especially sunflower and safflower oils, but not soybean or corn oils, having a linoleic acid content of at least 50 percent produced by an industrial scale process in which the crude oil is subjected to the steps of solvent extracting, as with hexane, alcohols, or polyols known in the art, fat splitting, treating with aqueous alkali to effect at least 50 percent isomerization of the double bonds of linoleic acid to form conjugated linoleic acid at low temperatures below about 230 degrees F., and preferably below about 215 degrees F., acidifying with a mineral acid, and separating the oil fraction from the majority of the aqueous fraction without a distillation step. In the conjugation of linoleic by isomerization of the double bonds, the fat splitting step releases the free fatty acids from the glycerol backbone molecule. After the alkali treatment step followed by acidification, several water wash steps may be required to remove salts, and then the water content of the oil fraction can be reduced (after simple decanting the upper fat layer) by conventional centrifugation methods to a content of less than 10 percent. The presence of some water will not interfere with animal feed formulating. In fact, the presence of some water aids the mixing and homogenization step, and provides a source of steam during extrusion. The animal feeds of the present invention are compounded from the conventional ingredients in rations typical for the species and age of the domestic animal to be fed, in addition to from 0.2 to 5.0 percent of a sunflower or safflower oil having a total C18:2 content of 50-80 percent in which at least 50 percent of the linoleic acid has been isomerized to the conjugated linoleic acid form. Such feeds retain their palatability and wholesomeness even though the CLA containing oil is obtained by an industrial process normally reserved for production of drying oils for paint and varnish. One principal advantage in this new use, is that animal feeds containing nutritionally effective amounts of CLA to achieve reduced body fat content, and firmer fat content in pork, become economically feasible when the CLA can be manufactured in quantities of at least 5 tons per batch or continuous uninterrupted run, without expensive purification and distillation steps. |
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