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developed a molecular-scale version of the well-known Ullmann reaction, a process in which iodobenzene breaks apart with the help of a copper powder catalyst, allowing liberated phenyl molecules to fuse into biphenyl. Long a staple tool of the physicist, the scanning tunneling microscope (STM) creates pictures of atomic hills and valleys on a surface by measuring the variation in tunneling current between the tip and the surface. But researchers increasingly are using STM tips not only to image atoms and molecules, but to manipulate them as well
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