PATENT NUMBER | This data is not available for free |
PATENT GRANT DATE | 07.03.00 |
PATENT TITLE |
Oxygen activatable formulations for disinfection or sterilization |
PATENT ABSTRACT |
Methods and compositions are disclosed for producing air-activated, i.e., oxygen (O.sub.2) activated, disinfectant-sterilent solutions. Solutions containing a haloperoxidase (i.e., a halide:hydrogen peroxide (H.sub.2 O.sub.2) oxidoreductase, such as myeloperoxidase, eosinophil peroxidase or lactoperoxidase) plus a halide or combination of halides (i.e., chloride, bromide and/or iodide), an oxidase (i.e., a substrate:O.sub.2 oxidoreductase) capable of generating H.sub.2 O.sub.2, and a substrate specific for that oxidase, are separately prepared under aerobic conditions, but all of the component solutions are made anaerobic prior to final combination and mixing. The anaerobic formulations are dispensed into containers capable of maintaining the anaerobic condition (e.g., pressurized canisters). Dispensing the solution at the time of use exposes the formulation to air (i.e., O.sub.2) which activates its disinfectant-sterilent properties. O.sub.2 is the rate limiting component for oxidase generation of H.sub.2 O.sub.2. Under aerobic conditions the oxidase catalyzes the oxidation of its substrate and the reduction of O.sub.2 to generate H.sub.2 O.sub.2. In turn, H.sub.2 O.sub.2 serves as substrate for haloperoxidase which catalyzes the oxidation of halide to hypohalous acid. Hypohalous acid reacts with an additional H.sub.2 O.sub.2 to generate singlet molecular oxygen (.sup.1 O.sub.2). Hypohalous acid (e.g., hypochlorous acid) and especially .sup.1 O.sub.2 are potent microbicidal agents. Both haloperoxidase generation of hypohalous acid and its reactive consumption to yield .sup.1 O.sub.2 are dependent on the availability of H.sub.2 O.sub.2. A high rate of H.sub.2 O.sub.2 generation does not result in the accumulation of hypohalous acid, but instead results in a high rate of .sup.1 O.sub.2 production. The microbicidal capacity and toxicity of .sup.1 O.sub.2 are limited by the half-life of this metastable electronically excited reactant, and as such, disinfectant-sterilent activity is temporally defined by and confined to the dynamics of oxidant generation. The disinfectant-sterilent activity of formulation requires air exposure and is dependent on the presence of the halide-haloperoxidase combination employed, the activity of the oxidase present, the availability of oxidase-specific substrate and the availability of O.sub.2. |
PATENT INVENTORS | This data is not available for free |
PATENT ASSIGNEE | This data is not available for free |
PATENT FILE DATE | April 7, 1998 |
PATENT REFERENCES CITED |
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"Effect of Lactoperoxidase and Thiocyanate on the Growth of Streptococcus pyogenes and Streptococcus agalactiae in a Chemically Defined Culture Medium," J. gen. Microbiol. 43:31-43 (1966). Yanagita, T., "Biochemical Aspects on the Germination of Conidiospores of Aspergillus niger," Archiv. fur Mikrobiologic. 26:329-344 (1957). Halvorson, H. et al., "Biochemistry of Spores of Aerobic Bacilli With Special Reference to Germination," Bac. Rev. 21:112-131 (1957). Smith, A.G. et al., "Application of Cholesterol Oxidase in the Analysis of Steroids," J. of Chrom. 101:373-378 (1974). Richmond, W., "Preparation and Properties of a Cholesterol Oxidase from Nocardia sp. and Its Application to the Enzymatic Assay of Total Cholesterol in Serum," Clin. Chem. 19/12:1350-1356 (1973). Weete, J.D., "Review Article, Sterols of the Fungi: Distribution and Biosynthesis," Physiochemistry 12:1843-1864 (1973). Darrell, J. et al., "Lipid Metabolism of Fungal Spores," In International Fungal Spore Symposium, 2d, Brigham Young University, 1974, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., pp. 178, 180, 1976. Lingappa, B.R., et al., "Phenethyl Alcohol Induced Germination of Ascospores of Neurospora," Arch. Mikrobiol. 72:97-105 (1970). Sussman, A.S. et al., "Activation of Neurospora Ascospores by Organic Solvents and Furans," Mycologia 51:237-247 (1959). Clark et al., Biosis Abstract, "Peroxidase-H202-halide system: Cytotoxic effect on mammalian tumor cells," Blood 45(2):161-170 (1975). Rosen, H. et al., Biological Abstract No. 65021608; "Formation of Singlet oxygen by the Myelo Peroxidase Mediated Anti Microbial System," J. Biol. Chem. 252(14):4803-4810 (1977). Thomas, E.L. et al., Biological Abstract No. 82079537; "Oxidation of Chloride and thiocyanate by isolated leukocytes," J. Biol. Chem.261(21):9694-9702 (1986). Paul, B.B. et al., "Role of the Phagocyte in Host-Parasite Interactions," Infection and Immunity 2(4):414-418 (1970). Strauss, R.R. et al., "Role of the Phagocyte in Host-Parasite Interactions XXII. H.sub.2 O.sub.2 -Dependent Decarboxylation and Deamination by Myeloperosidase and Its Relationship to Antimicrobial Activity," Res.-Journal of Reticuloendothelial Society 7:754-761 (1970). Zgliczynski, J.M. et al., "Myeloperoxidase of Human Leukaemic Leucocytes," European J. Biochem. 4:540-547 (1968). Hills, G.M., "Chemical Factors in the Germination of Spore-bearing Aerobes: Observations on the Influence of Species, Strain and Conditions of Growth," J. Gen. Microbiol. 4:38-47 (1950). Klebanoff, S.J., "Antimicrobial Mechanisms in Neutrophilic Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes," Seminars in Hematology 12(2):117-142 (1975). Kaplan, E.L. et al., "Studies of Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes From Patients With Chronic Granulomatous Disease of Childhood: Bactericidal Capacity for Streptococci," Pediatrics 41(3):591-599 (1968). Klebanoff, S.J. and White, L.R., "Iodination Defect in the Leukocytes of a Patient With Chronic Granulomatous Disease of Childhood," New Engl. J. Med. 280(9):460-466 (1987). Mandell, G.L., "Catalase, Superoxide Dismutase, and Virulence of Staphylococcus Aureus. In Vitro and In Vivo Studies With Emphasis on Staphylococcal-Leukocyte Interaction," J. Clin. Invest. 55:561-566 (1975). |
PATENT PARENT CASE TEXT | This data is not available for free |
PATENT CLAIMS |
The embodiments of the invention in which an exclusive property or privilege is claimed are defined as follows: 1. A method for killing or inhibiting the growth of microorganisms comprising the steps of: (a) maintaining under substantially anaerobic conditions a microbicidal composition comprising a haloperoxidase selected from myeloperoxidase and eosinophil peroxidase, a halide selected from chloride, bromide and combinations thereof, and a peroxide generating agent capable of generating peroxide upon exposure to oxygen; (b) exposing the composition to oxygen to activate the microbicidal activity of the composition; and (c) contacting the microorganisms with the activated composition to kill or inhibit the growth of the microorganisms. 2. The method in claim 1 wherein the peroxide generating agent is an enzyme capable of oxidizing a substrate and reducing oxygen to hydrogen peroxide. 3. The method of claim 2 wherein the enzyme is glucose oxidase and the substrate is glucose. 4. The method of claim 1 wherein the haloperoxidase is myeloperoxidase. 5. The method of claim 1 wherein the haloperoxidase is eosinophil peroxidase and the halide is selected from the group consisting of bromide, iodide and combinations thereof. 6. The method of claim 1 wherein the microbicidal composition further comprises an antimicrobial activity enhancing agent of the formula: ##STR5## wherein R.sub.1 is hydrogen, an unsubstituted, or hydroxy or amino substituted, straight or branched chain alkyl group having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, and R.sub.2 is hydrogen or a straight or branched chain alkyl group having from 1 to 6 carbons. 7. The method of claim 6 wherein the antimicrobial activity enhancing agent is an .alpha.-amino acid selected from the group consisting of glycine; the l- or d-enantiomers of alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, serine, threonine, lysine, phenylalaninine, and tyrosine; and alkyl esters thereof. 8. The method of claim 1 wherein the microbicidal composition is maintained under anaerobic conditions by packaging the microbicidal composition under pressure in a hermetically sealed container for dispensing as a liquid, a foam or a gel. 9. The method of claim 1 wherein the microbicidal composition is maintained under anaerobic conditions by impregnating the microbicidal composition in a tangible substrate, and then hermetically sealing the impregnated tangible substrate in a closed container. 10. A hermetically sealed container comprising, under substantially anaerobic conditions, an antimicrobial formulation comprising a haloperoxidase selected from myeloperoxidase and eosinophil peroxidase, a halide selected from chloride, bromide and combinations thereof, and a peroxide generating agent capable of generating peroxide upon exposure to oxygen, and means for releasing the formulation from the container. 11. The container of claim 10 wherein the peroxide generating agent is an enzyme capable of oxidizing a substrate and reducing oxygen to hydrogen peroxide. 12. The container of claim 11 wherein the enzyme is glucose oxidase and the substrate is glucose. 13. The container of claim 10 wherein the haloperoxidase is myeloperoxidase. 14. The container of claim 10 wherein the haloperoxidase is eosinophil peroxidase and the halide is bromide. 15. The container of claim 13 which comprises at least 0.01 pmol/ml of myeloperoxidase in a liquid carrier. 16. The container of claim 13 which comprises from 0.1 pmol/ml to 500 pmol/ml of myeloperoxidase. 17. The container of claim 14 which comprises at least 0.01 pmol/ml of eosinophil peroxidase in a liquid carrier. 18. The container of claim 14 which comprises from 0.1 pmol/ml to 500 pmol/ml of eosinophil peroxidase. 19. The container of claim 10 which comprises from 100 nmol/ml to 300 .mu.mol/ml chloride. 20. The container of claim 10 which comprises from 10 nmol/ml to 50 .mu.mol/ml bromide. 21. The container of claim 10 which comprises a peroxide producing oxidase effective to generate from 1 pmol to 50 .mu.mol peroxide per ml per minute when in the presence of a substrate from the oxidase. 22. The container of claim 10 which comprises glucose oxidase effective to generate from 1 pmol to 50 .mu.mol peroxide per ml per minute when in the presence of D-glucose. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
PATENT DESCRIPTION |
FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to methods and compositions for antisepsis, disinfection or sterilization. More particularly, the present invention relates to methods and compositions that remain inactive as packaged for storage, but become active on exposure to air as an antiseptic, disinfection or sterilent agent when dispensed for use. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Antisepsis is defined as substantial reduction of microbial content whereas disinfection is the elimination of all life forms capable of causing disease. Practically, disinfection implies destruction of all viable microorganisms except spores. Sterilization means the complete elimination of all viable microorganisms including spores (Hospital Infections, 2nd Ed. (Bennett, J. V. and Brachinan, P. S. eds.), Little, Brown and Co., Boston, Mass.), pp. 238-241, 1986). The acceptable methods of sterilization in current use are autoclaving (steam under pressure), dry heat, and gas sterilization (e.g., ethylene oxide). Sterilization by soaking in antiseptics is typically incomplete and is indicated only in circumstances where the sterilization methods described above are not applicable. There are limitations to all of the sterilization methods described above. Many materials and devices are destroyed by dry heat or steam sterilization. Gas sterilization typically requires prolonged contact, e.g., exposure for greater than an hour, and a post-sterilization period for dissipation of the gas from the treated material. Lensed instruments or porous items typically require 24 to 48 hours of exposure to air before use. On the other hand, sterilization with germicidal agents, such as gluteraldehyde (2%), formaldehyde (8%)-alcohol (70%), or hydrogen peroxide (6%), requires exposure times ranging from 6 to 18 hours. These germicidal agents are also highly toxic and are indiscriminant in their toxic effect. As such, these sterilents cannot be brought in direct contact with host tissue, and have limited utility as sterilants for biomedical devices, such as contact lenses, medical and surgical instruments, and for wound cleaning. For example, an antimicrobial agent used to disinfect or sterilize a contact lens must possess a number of unique characteristics. On one hand, it must be effective against microoorganisms which may be dangerous to the eye. At the same time, it must be tolerated in the delicate ocular environment of the user, and also not damage the contact lens itself. A number of contact lens disinfecting and preserving solutions are known in the art. Typically such solutions employ either sorbic acid, thimerosal, chlorhexidine, a polyquaternary germicide, a synthetic antibiotic or a conventional quaternary germicide, such as benzalkonium chloride. However, these conventional antimicrobial agents have drawbacks that tend to restrict their use. For example, sorbic acid characteristically contains formaldehyde residues, thimerosal in some patients acts as an allergy sensitizer, and chlorhexidine is relatively toxic. Also, a problem exists in that soft contact lens materials have a tendency to bind and concentrate antimicrobial agents and other active ingredients commonly found in contact lens care solutions, in some cases to hazardous levels. For example, benzalkonium chloride is typically not used with soft contact lenses due to its tendency to be taken up into the lens matrix. In addition, many of the antimicrobial agents known to date are relatively ineffective against a number of fungi and yeasts which are problematic in the ocular environment. U.S. Pat. No. 5,389,369 discloses an improved haloperoxidase-based system for killing bacteria, yeast or sporular microorganisms by contacting the microorganisms, in the presence of a peroxide and chloride or bromide, with a haloperoxidase and an antimicrobial activity enhancing .varies.-amino acid. Although compositions and methods of U.S. Pat. No. 5,389,369 have been found to be highly effective antimicrobials, the components must be separately stored and maintained in order to prevent haloperoxidase/peroxide interaction and depletion prior to dispensing for use. Therefore, there exists a need for methods and compositions for disinfecting and/or sterilizing materials or devices, such as contact lenses, surgical instruments and other biomedical devices, which is effective against bacteria, fungi and yeasts, which is tolerable by the user, which does not damage the devices, and which is designed for ease and convenience of storage and use. Ideally, such disinfectant-sterilent compositions should be fast acting with minimal host toxicity and maximal germicidal action. The compositions should be easy to deliver, should not damage the material or device treated, and should not cause damage to host tissue on contact. Depending upon the strength of composition and the time interval of exposure, the compositions should produce antisepsis, disinfection or sterilization. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention describes methods and compositions for producing air-activated, i.e., oxygen (O.sub.2) activated, disinfectant-sterilent solutions. Solutions containing a haloperoxidase (i.e., a halide:hydrogen peroxide (H.sub.2 O.sub.2) oxidoreductase, such as myeloperoxidase, eosinophil peroxidase or lactoperoxidase) plus a halide or combination of halides (i.e., chloride, bromide and/or iodide) in appropriate concentrations, an oxidase (i.e., a substrate:O.sub.2 oxidoreductase) capable of generating H.sub.2 O.sub.2, and a substrate specific for that oxidase, are separately prepared under aerobic conditions, but all of the component solutions are made anaerobic prior to final combination and mixing. The anaerobic formulations are dispensed into containers capable of maintaining the anaerobic condition (e.g., pressurized canisters). Dispensing the solution at the time of use exposes the formulation to air (i.e., O.sub.2) which activates its disinfectant-sterilent properties. O.sub.2 is the rate limiting component for oxidase generation of H.sub.2 O.sub.2. Under aerobic conditions the oxidase catalyzes the oxidation of its substrate and the reduction of O.sub.2 to generate H.sub.2 O.sub.2. In turn, H.sub.2 O.sub.2 serves as substrate for haloperoxidase which catalyzes the oxidation of halide to hypohalous acid. Hypohalous acid reacts with an additional H.sub.2 O.sub.2 to generate singlet molecular oxygen (.sup.1 O.sub.2). Hypohalous acid (e.g., hypochlorous acid) and especially .sup.1 O.sub.2 are potent microbicidal agents. Both haloperoxidase generation of hypohalous acid and its reactive consumption to yield .sup.1 O.sub.2 are dependent on the availability of H.sub.2 O.sub.2. A high rate of H.sub.2 O.sub.2 generation does not result in the accumulation of hypohalous acid, but instead results in a high rate of .sup.1 O.sub.2 production. The microbicidal capacity and toxicity of .sup.1 O.sub.2 are limited by the half-life of this metastable electronically excited reactant, and as such, disinfectant-sterilent activity is temporally defined by and confined to the dynamics of oxidant generation. Disinfectant-sterilent activity of a formulation requires air exposure and is dependent on the presence of the halide-haloperoxidase combination employed, the activity of the oxidase present, the availability of oxidase-specific substrate and the availability of O.sub.2. For these disinfectant-sterilent formulations, O.sub.2 is the essential and limiting component for microbicidal action. The formulation must contain sufficient haloperoxidase to produce the desired microbicidal effect. However, the relative concentrations of oxidase and its substrate can be adjusted to produce a broad spectrum of microbicidal activities ranging from rapid, high intensity microbicidal action of short duration to slow and prolonged microbicidal plus sporicidal action. By increasing the oxidase and making the oxidase substrate concentration limiting, the formulation will rapidly convert substrate to H.sub.2 O.sub.2 producing a highly potent but time-limited microbicidal action. Once the substrate is exhausted there is a cessation of oxidative activity. On the other hand, limiting the concentration of oxidase limits the rate of H.sub.2 O.sub.2 generation and produces a slow but sustained microbicidal action. The concentration of oxidase limits the rate of H.sub.2 O.sub.2 production, and the concentration of substrate limits the quantity and duration of H.sub.2 O.sub.2 production. Haloperoxidases have a very high microbicidal capacity and low host toxicity. These characteristics, combined with the ability to formulate the temporal dynamics of disinfectant-sterilent activity (i.e., the ability to regulate the time period or window of maximum microbicidal action) assure excellent chemical sterilent activity with minimum host toxicity. In the absence of substrates, haloperoxidases show no direct toxicity to mammalian cells. Haloperoxidase oxidation and oxygenation activities are functionally linked to the availability of H.sub.2 O.sub.2. As such, materials or devices (e.g., endoscopy tube) sterilized by these haloperoxidase formulations can be brought in direct contact with host tissue immediately following sterilization. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT In accordance with the present invention, methods are provided for killing or inhibiting the growth of microorganisms comprising the steps of: (a) maintaining under substantially anaerobic conditions a microbicidal composition comprising a haloperoxidase, a halide, and a peroxide generating agent capable of generating peroxide upon exposure to oxygen; (b) exposing the composition to oxygen to activate the microbicidal activity of the composition; and (c) contacting the microorganisms with the activated composition to kill or inhibit the growth of the microorganisms. The components are preferably prepared, combined and stored anaerobically (i.e., in the relative absence of oxygen). The anaerobic formulation remains inactive until exposed to air at the time of application. Air exposure provides oxygen, the rate limiting component for microbicidal action, to activate the formulation to kill or inhibit the growth of the microorganisms. In another aspect of the present invention, hermetically sealed containers or packages are provided that maintain under substantially anaerobic conditions a formulation comprising a haloperoxidase, a halide, and a peroxide generating agent capable of generating peroxide upon exposure to oxygen. Means are provided for releasing the formulation from the container or package, whereby the formulation is activated upon exposure to air to enable killing or inhibition of the growth of microorganisms. As used herein, the term "anaerobic" or "substantially anaerobic" means in the absence of oxygen or substantially in the absence of oxygen. Preferably, compositions of the invention are maintained until dispensed for use under substantially anaerobic conditions having less than about 1000 parts per million (ppm) of oxygen, more preferably less than about 500 ppm of oxygen, and most preferably less than about 250 ppm of oxygen. Haloperoxidases useful in the present invention are defined as halide:hydrogen peroxide oxidoreductases (e.g., EC No. 1.11.1.7 and EC No. 1.11.1.10 under the International Union of Biochemistry) for which halide is the electron donor or reductant and peroxide is the electron receiver or oxidant. Any haloperoxidase which catalyzes the halide dependent generation of singlet molecular oxygen from hydrogen peroxide may be used in the present invention. Suitable haloperoxidases include myeloperoxidase (MPO), eosinophil peroxidase (EPO), lactoperoxidase (LPO), chloroperoxidase (CPO), and derivatives thereof, with the presently preferred haloperoxidases being myeloperoxidase and eosinophil peroxidase. By "derivatives thereof" as used herein generally means chemically or functionally modified MPO, EPO, CPO, and LPO which are capable of specifically binding to target microorganisms or specific eukaryotic cell types and which retain haloperoxidase activity in the enhancement of the disproportionation of peroxide to form singlet molecular oxygen in the presence of a suitable halide, as described herein. Suitable halides for use in the methods and compositions of the invention include bromide, chloride and/or iodide. The use, selection, and amount of halide employed in a particular application will depend upon various factors, such as the haloperoxidase used in the antiseptic composition, the desired antiseptic, disinfection or sterilization effect, and other factors. When the haloperoxidase is MPO or CPO, the halide may be bromide or chloride. The amount of chloride employed will preferably fall in the range of about 10 .mu.mol chloride to about 150 .mu.mol chloride per ml of solution to approximate physiological conditions. When the haloperoxidase is EPO or LPO, chloride is relatively ineffective as a cofactor, and accordingly, the preferred halide is bromide. When included in liquid compositions, the compositions of the invention may comprise from about 1 nmol bromide to about 50 .mu.mol bromide per ml of liquid composition, more preferably from about 10 nmol bromide to about 10 .mu.mol bromide per ml of liquid composition, and most preferably from about 100 nmol bromide to about 1 .mu.mol bromide per ml of liquid composition. In the presence of sufficient halide, H.sub.2 O.sub.2 is the rate limiting substrate for haloperoxidase microbicidal action. Microbicidal activity is linked to haloperoxidase generation of hypohalous acid: ##STR1## and to the secondary generation of singlet molecular oxygen (.sup.1 O.sub.2): HOX+H.sub.2 O.sub.2 .fwdarw..sup.1 O.sub.2 +X.sup.- +H.sub.2 O(2) Both HOX and .sup.1 O.sub.2 are potent antimicrobial reactants. Since H.sub.2 O.sub.2 is required for HOX generation and H.sub.2 O.sub.2 reacts with HOX to yield .sup.1 O.sub.2, the haloperoxidase system guarantees that HOX generated will not accumulate but will further react to yield .sup.1 O.sub.2, a metastable electronically excited molecule of potent reactivity but limited lifetime. It is an important feature of the present invention that the haloperoxidase system components be maintained under anaerobic conditions until ready for use, and then be activated upon exposure to oxygen. This oxygen- or air-activated feature of the present invention results from including in the formulation an oxygen-dependent peroxide generating agent that produces peroxide on exposure to oxygen in the air. Suitable oxygen-dependent peroxide generating agents include any chemical system that can generate peroxide on exposure to O.sub.2, provided the system does not inhibit haloperoxidase function, does not damage the materials or devices to be disinfected or sterilized, and is not toxic to mammalian tissue at the concentrations employed. In a presently particularly preferred embodiment, the peroxide generating agent comprises: (a) an oxidase (substrate:O.sub.2 oxidoreductase), and (b) a substrate specific for the oxidase. Oxidases are substrate-specific enzymes that generate H.sub.2 O.sub.2 on exposure to O.sub.2, according to reaction (3): ##STR2## Since H.sub.2 O.sub.2 production is dependent on both oxidase-specific substrate and O.sub.2, oxidases are particularly useful in the practice of the invention. Representative oxidases for this purpose (together with their respective substrates) include, but are not limited to, glycollate oxidase, glucose oxidase, galactase oxidase, hexose oxidase, cholesterol oxidase, aryl-alcohol oxidase, L-gulonolacetone oxidase, galactose oxidase, pyranose oxidase, L-sorbose oxidase, pyridoxine oxidase, alcohol oxidase, L-2-hydroxyacid oxidase, ecdysome oxidase, choline oxidase, aldehyde oxidase, xanthine oxidase, pyruvate oxidase, oxalate oxidase, glyoxylate oxidase, pyruvate oxidase, D-aspartate oxidase, L-aminoacid oxidase, amine oxidase, pyridoxamine-phosphate oxidase, D-glutamate oxidase, ethanolamine oxidase, tyramine oxidase, putrascine oxidase, sarcosine oxidase, N-methylaminoacid oxidase, N-methyl-lysine oxidase, hydroxylnicotine oxidase, glycerol-3-phosphate oxidase, nitroethane oxidase, acetylindoxyl oxidase, urate oxidase, hydroxylamine amine oxidase, and sulphite oxidase. Oxidases that generate free radical hydrodioxylic acid (HO.sub.2) and its conjugate base superoxide (O.sub.2) can also be employed; ultimately these radical intermediates disproportionate to yield H.sub.2 O.sub.2. When maintained under anaerobic conditions, the oxidase and its substrate are inactive because O.sub.2 is unavailable to participate in the oxidase/substrate reaction (1). As such, no H.sub.2 O.sub.2 is produced until the formulation is exposed to its rate limiting component, O.sub.2. Agents capable of producing hydrogen peroxide on exposure to oxygen, e.g., peroxide producing oxidases, are also particularly useful for dynamic control of the amounts of hydrogen peroxide present at the site of antimicrobial activity. Such agents maximize antimicrobial activity of the composition by providing and maintaining a steady, low level concentration of H.sub.2 O.sub.2. Accordingly, the amount of such agents to be employed will be highly dependent on the nature of the agent and the effect desired, but will preferably be capable of producing a steady state level of from about 1 pmol to about 1 .mu.mol of hydrogen peroxide per ml of liquid per minute, depending on the type and concentration of halide available at the site of antimicrobial activity. When the formulation is to be used as a disinfectant-sterilizing solution, the oxidase and its substrate can be adjusted to provide relatively high steady-state concentrations of H.sub.2 O.sub.2 lasting for the required sterilization period. The disinfection-sterilizing action is terminated with exhaustion of the oxidase substrate or relative to the rate of oxidase degradation. Optionally, the antimicrobial activity of the formulations of the invention against yeast and sporular microorganisms may be improved by including within the formualtions a suitable antimicrobial activity enhancing agent, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,389,369, the disclosure of which is included herein by this reference. Generally, suitable antimicrobial activity enhancing agents of the invention are agents that enhance the antimicrobial activity of the haloperoxidase antimicrobial system against yeast and sporular microorganisms by labilizing the yeast and spore forms of microorganisms to haloperoxidase microbicidal activity, and that do not produce adverse effects on the haloperoxidase activity of the system or undesirable effects in the environment of use. Presently preferred activity enhancing agents of the invention include .alpha.-amino acid compounds of the formula: ##STR3## wherein R.sub.1 is hydrogen, a straight or branched chain alkyl group having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, or an unsubstituted or hydroxy or amino substituted straight or branched chain arylalky group having from 7 to 12 carbon atoms, and R.sub.2 is hydrogen or a straight or branched chain alkyl group having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms. As used herein, amino acids may be in their acid form, as shown above, or may be in their zwitterionic form represented by the formula: ##STR4## wherein R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 having the meanings set forth above, and may be in either l- or d-enantiomeric configurations. Representative alkyl R.sub.1 groups include, for example, methyl, hydroxymethyl, isopropyl, 2-isobutyl, 1-isobutyl, hydroxy ethyl and amino butyl groups. Representative arylalkyl R.sub.1 groups include, for example, tolyl and hydroxytolyl groups. Presently particularly preferred alkyl R.sub.2 groups include methyl and ethyl groups. Representative antimicrobial activity enhancing agents of the invention include .alpha.-amino acids selected from the group consisting of glycine and the l- or d-enantiomers of alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, serine, threonine, lysine, phenylalanine, tyrosine and the alkyl esters thereof. The presently most preferred antimicrobial activity enhancing agents are glycine and l-alanine. In accordance with other aspects of the invention, anaerobic formulations containing oxidase, oxidase-specific substrate, halide and haloperoxidase can be formulated and packaged for long-term storage at ambient temperature. Such formulations produce potent microbicidal action upon air exposure. Furthermore, O.sub.2 -activated disinfectant-sterilents can be formulated to achieve different degrees of potency and different temporal periods of activity. As can be deduced from equation (1), above, the rate of H.sub.2 O.sub.2 generation is dependent on the concentration of oxidase, whereas the quantity of H.sub.2 O.sub.2 generated is proportional to the quantity of substrate present. When substrate is not limiting, the rate of H.sub.2 O.sub.2 generation is directly proportional to the oxidase activity. When oxidase activity is not limiting, the quantity and duration of H.sub.2 O.sub.2 generation is dependent on the availability of oxidase-specific substrate. If a high potency, short lived disinfectant-sterilent action is desired, the formulation should have adequate haloperoxidase and halide, and a relatively high oxidase activity with substrate sufficient to confine activity to the desired time window. A lower potency but long-lived sterilent action can be formulated with adequate haloperoxidase and halide, relatively low oxidase activity, and sufficient substrate to sustain reaction for the temporal period desired. As shown in the following examples, systems of this type have been formulated to achieve sustained microbicidal-sporicidal action for a two-day period following air exposure. In one particularly preferred embodiment, the methods and compositions of the invention are used as antiseptic agents exhibiting enhanced haloperoxidase antispore and antiyeast activity against a broad range of pathogenic microorganisms including bacteria and fungi. For use in contact with host tissue, the antiseptic systems are based on the use of dioxygenating haloperoxidase enzymes which exhibit selective affinity for pathogenic microorganisms. As such, high potency microbicidal action can be directed to the target microorganisms without associated host tissue destruction or disruption of normal flora; i.e., the antiseptic action is selective and confined to the target microorganism. When properly formulated, haloperoxidase-enhancer preparations can be employed to disinfect and even sterilize materials and devices. High potency haloperoxidase-enhancer formulations can serve as in vitro disinfecting or sterilizing preparations. By limiting the time period of hydrogen peroxide availability, haloperoxidase-enhancer formulations can be made sufficiently potent to insure disinfection and even sterilization of a material or device before contact with host tissue. Any potential toxicity to normal flora and host tissue associated with the use of these high potency formulations will cease when peroxide is depleted, and as such, the formulation-treated material or device can be brought in contact with host tissue without additional washing to detoxification. In another embodiment of the invention, the compositions of the invention may be specifically designed for in vitro applications, such as disinfecting or sterilization of medical devices, contact lenses and the like, particularly where the devices or lenses are intended to be used in contact with a patient or wearer. For applications of this type, the compositions may be conveniently provided in the form of a liquid or foam, and may be provided with emulsifiers, surfactants, buffering agents, wetting agents, preservatives, and other components commonly found in compositions of this type. Compositions of the invention may be impregnated into absorptive materials, such as sutures, bandages, and gauze, or coated onto the surface of solid phase materials, such as staples, zippers and catheters, which are packaged and maintained under substantially anaerobic conditions, such as in sealed foil and/or polymer pouches or bags that are impervious to air. The pouches or bags may then be opened to deliver the compositions to a site for the prevention of microbial infection. Other delivery systems of this type will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art. Actual amounts of haloperoxidase, halide, peroxide generating agent and/or antimicrobial activity enhancing agents in the compositions of the invention may be varied so as to obtain amounts of haloperoxidase and antimicrobial activity enhancing agents at the site of treatment effective to kill vegetative microorganisms as well as yeast and sporular microorganisms. Accordingly, the selected amounts will depend on the nature and site for treatment, the desired response, the desired duration of microbicidal action and other factors. Generally, when the haloperoxidase is myeloperoxidase, eosinophil peroxidase, lactoperoxidase or compositions thereof, liquid compositions of the invention will comprise at least 0.01 picomoles (pmol) of haloperoxidase per ml of liquid composition, more preferably from about 0.1 pmol to about 500 pmol of haloperoxidase per ml of liquid composition, and most preferably from about 0.5 pmol to about 50 pmol of myeloperoxidase per ml of liquid composition. Optionally, it may be desirable in some applications to include both eosinophil peroxidase and myeloperoxidase in the same composition. Liquid compositions of the invention will generally further comprise from 100 .mu.mol/ml to 300 .mu.mol/ml chloride, from 10 .mu.mol to 50 .mu.mol/ml bromide, from 1 .mu.mol/ml to 5 .mu.mol/ml iodide, or combinations thereof Optionally, liquid compositions of the invention may generally comprise at least 0.005 .mu.mol/ml of antimicrobial activity enhancing agents, i.e., .varies.-amino acids such as glycine and alanine, and more preferably from 0.05 .mu.mol/ml to 50 .mu.mol/ml of such antimicrobial activity enhancing agent. Finally, liquid compositions of the invention may generally comprise from 0.05 to 10 units/ml of an enzyme, such as glucose oxidase, capable of oxidizing a substrate, such as glucose, and reducing oxygen to hydroge peroxide; and may additionally comprise from 0.1 to 10 .mu.mol/ml of a substrate for the enzyme. The foregoing components will typically be combined in a pharmaceutically acceptable liquid carrier. As an illustrative example, a composition suitable for use as a contact lens solution may comprise from 1 to 20 pmol/ml of eosinophil peroxidase and/or myeloperoxidase, from 0.1 to 10 .mu.mol/ml of glycine, from 0.01 to 10 units of glucose oxidase, and from 50 to 300 mEq/L of chloride with 0.1 to 5 mEq/L bromide. The above composition is combined with from 0.1 to 10 .mu.mol/ml of glucose under anaerobic conditions and the complete preparation is kept anaerobic until used as a liquid disinfectant or sterilizing solution. Exposure to air, i.e., molecular oxygen, activates the disinfecting-sterilizing action of the formulation. Due to the selective binding capacities of myeloperoxidase and eosinophil peroxidase, even relatively high potency formulations are of low toxicity to mammalian tissue. Furthermore, the ability to temporally limit the period of maximum potency further decreases the potential for host toxicity by confining the high potency disinfection-sterilization period to the time prior to host contact. As such, a material or device treated with the disinfectant-sterilent can be brought in direct contact with host tissue in the post sterilization period. |
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