| PATENT ASSIGNEE'S COUNTRY | Sweden |
| PATENT NUMBER | This data is not available for free |
| PATENT GRANT DATE | 07.11.2000 |
| PATENT TITLE |
Method of determining affinity or kinetic properties in solution |
| PATENT ABSTRACT |
A method of determining affinity and kinetic properties for the solution interaction between an analyte and a binding partner therefor, which method comprises: (a) mixing a solution of said analyte with a solution of said binding partner, contacting the resulting reaction solution with (i) immobilised binding partner, or analogue, for said analyte, and/or (ii) immobilised analyte, or analogue, and monitoring the binding of said analyte and/or binding partner in said reaction solution to the respective immobilised species to determine the variation with time of the concentration of free analyte and/or binding partner in said solution; and/or (b) contacting a solution of the reaction complex of said analyte and a binding partner therefor with (i) immobilised binding partner, or analogue, and/or (ii) immobilised analyte, or analogue, and monitoring the binding of said analyte and/or binding partner in said reaction complex solution to the respective immobilised species to determine the variation with time of the concentration of free analyte and/or binding partner resulting from dissociation of said reaction complex in said solution, and from said variation with time of free analyte and/or binding partner determining said affinity and/or kinetic properties. |
| PATENT INVENTORS | This data is not available for free |
| PATENT ASSIGNEE | This data is not available for free |
| PATENT FILE DATE | October 19, 1998 |
| PATENT CT FILE DATE | November 14, 1996 |
| PATENT CT NUMBER | This data is not available for free |
| PATENT CT PUB NUMBER | This data is not available for free |
| PATENT CT PUB DATE | May 22, 1997 |
| PATENT FOREIGN APPLICATION PRIORITY DATA | This data is not available for free |
| PATENT REFERENCES CITED |
Giesen et al., Monitoring of unbound protein in vesicle suspensions with off-null ellipsometry, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1147:125-131 (1993). Karlsson et al., Kinetic Analysis of monoclonal antigen-antibody interactions with a new biosensor based analytical system, Journal of Immunological Methods, 145:229-240 (1991). Karlsson et al., Real-Time Compepitive Kinetic Analysis of Interactions between Low-Molecular Weight Ligands in Solution and Surface-Immobilized Receptors, Analytical Biochemistry 221:142-151 (1994). Paek et al., Modeling of Immunosensors Under Nonequilibrium Conditions, Analytical Biochemistry 196:319-325 (1991). Azimzadeh et al., "Operational Aspects of Antibody Affinity Constants Measured by Liquid-phase and Solid-phase Assays," Journal Of Molecular Recognition 5:9-18, 1992. National Library of Medicine, file Medline, Medline Accession No. 95397936, Morton et al., "Interpreting complex binding kinetics from optical biosensors: a comparsion of analysis by linearization, the integrated rate equation, and numerical integration," Anal. Biochem. 227(1):176-185, 1995. Abstract Only. National Library of Medicine, file Medline, Medline Accession No. 93289960, Friquet et al., "A radioimmunoassay-based method for measuring the true affinity of a monoclonal antibody with trace amounts of radioactive antigen: illustration with the products of a cell-free protein synthesis system," Anal. Biochem. 210(2):344-350, 1993. Abstract Only. Nelson and Long, "Solution-Phase Equilibrium Binding Interaction of Human Protein S with C4b-Binding Protein," Biochemistry 30:2384-2390, 1991. |
| PATENT CLAIMS |
What is claimed is: 1. A method for determining affinity and kinetic parameters associated with a first binding interaction between an analyte and a binding partner, wherein the first binding interaction takes place under nonequilibrium conditions in a nonequilibrium solution, comprising the steps of: forming the nonequilibrium solution in which the first interaction occurs by mixing the analyte and the binding partner to form the nonequilibrium solution, or by causing dissociation of a complex of the analyte and the binding partner to form the nonequilibrium solution; sequentially contacting the nonequilibrium solution with a plurality of sensor surfaces, each sensor surface having (i) an additional amount of the binding partner or analogue thereof, immobilized thereon, or (ii) an additional amount of the analyte or analogue thereof, immobilized thereon; monitoring a second binding interaction between (i) the additional amount of the binding partner or analogue thereof immobilized on the plurality of sensor surfaces with the analyte of the nonequilibrium solution, or (ii) the additional amount of the analyte or analogue thereof immobilized on the plurality of sensor surfaces with the binding partner of the nonequilibrium solution, over a period of time; determining a free analyte or a free binding partner concentration in the nonequilibrium solution at two or more points in time; and therefrom determining the affinity or kinetic parameters associated with the first binding interaction between the analyte and the binding partner. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the kinetic parameters are selected from the group consisting of the association rate constant and the dissociation rate constant. 3. The method according to claim 2, wherein the step for determining the dissociation rate constant further comprises diluting the nonequilibrium solution. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein less than 2% by weight of the analyte binds to the immobilized binding partner over the period of time. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the second binding interaction occurs under mass transfer-limited conditions. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the second binding interaction occurs under kinetically controlled conditions. 7. The method according claim 1, wherein the step of determining the free analyte or the free binding partner concentration in the nonequilibrium solution comprises the use of one or more standard curves. 8. The method according to claim 1, wherein the plurality of sensor surfaces are optical sensor surfaces. 9. The method according to claim 8, wherein the optical sensor surfaces are part of a detector based upon evanescent wave sensing. 10. The method according to claim 9, wherein the evanescent wave sensing is based on surface plasmon resonance. 11. The method according to claim 1, wherein the step for sequentially contacting the nonequilibrium solution with the plurality of sensor surfaces occurs at at least two different flow rates. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| PATENT DESCRIPTION |
TECHNICAL FIELD The present invention relates to a method of determining solution affinity and kinetic properties for the formation of a reaction complex between an analyte and a binding partner therefor. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Apparatus and methods for investigating the binding of analytes in solution to a receptor are known. Recently, surface sensitive measuring techniques using so-called label-free techniques have been developed for measuring and quantifying biomolecular interactions. In these techniques, a receptor capable of binding to an analyte of interest is immobilised to a sensor surface, and binding of the analyte to the receptor is detected as a resulting change of a property of the sensor surface. One type of such apparatus (with associated computer control and data-processing means), including the commercial instruments BIAcore and BIAlite (BIAcore and BIAlite are trademarks of Pharmacia Biosensor AB, Uppsala, Sweden; BIA stands for biospecific interaction analysis) has been devised, which uses the phenomenon of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) to study the binding of analytes to receptors immobilized on a sensor chip. The apparatus and theoretical background are fully described in the literature (see e.g. Jonsson, U., et al., BioTechniques 11: 620-627 (1991)). Essentially, the technique involves the immobilisation of a receptor to the special surface of a sensor chip, contacting the sensor chip with a flow of sample containing the analyte of interest, and then measuring the change in the surface optical characteristics of the sensor chip arising form the binding of interest. With such instrumentation, for example, affinity and kinetic analysis of interactions between soluble analytes and their immobilised binding partners may readily be performed. However, in many cases, it would also be interesting to know the true solution affinity and kinetics of the interaction between two species interacting in solution. So far, such analyses have not been done with the above described type of apparatus. Friguet, B., et al., Anal. Biochem. 210, 344-350 (1993) discloses the determination of the true affinity constant of a monoclonal antibody for its antigen. Aliquots of radiolabeled antigen at a constant concentration are incubated with the monoclonal antibody at various known concentrations of the antibody in large excess over the antigen. When equilibrium has been reached, the concentration of free antigen is determined by the binding to dextrane beads to which the same monoclonal antibody has been covalently attached. However, this approach only gives information on the equilibrium constant and no kinetic information is provided. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The object of the present invention is therefore to to provide a method of not only determining true affinity properties but also true kinetic properties for the solution interaction between an analyte and a binding partner therefor to thereby among other things be permitted a wider choice of reaction partners than in solid phase interactions and avoid immobilisation artefacts. According to the invention, this object is basically achieved by determining the variation of the reaction component concentrations over time in contrast to measuring at equilibrium conditions as in the prior art. The present invention therefore provides a method of determining affinity and kinetic properites for the solution interaction between an analyte and a binding partner therefor, which method comprises the steps of: (a) mixing a solution of said analyte with a solution of said binding partner, contacting the resulting reaction solution with (i) immobilized binding partner, or analogue, and/or (ii) immobilised analyte, or analogue, and monitoring the binding of said analyte and/or binding partner in said reaction solution to the respective immobilised species to determine the variation with time of the concentration of free analyte and/or binding partner in said solution; and/or (b) contacting a solution of the reaction complex of said analyte and a binding partner therefor with (i) immobilized binding partner, or analogue, for said analyte, and/or (ii) immobilised analyte, or analogue, and monitoring the binding of said analyte and/or binding partner in said reaction complex solution to the respective immobilised species to determine the variation with time of the concentration of free analyte and/or binding partner resulting from dissociation of said reaction complex in said solution, and from said variations with time of free analyte and/or binding partner determining said affinity and/or kinetic properties. The term "analogue" with respect to the binding partner means a molecule capable of specifically binding to the analyte in the same way as the binding partner. Similarly, the term "analogue" with respect to the analyte means a molecule capable of specifically binding to the binding partner in the same way as the analyte. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a graph showing the concentration of free analyte as a function of time after mixing of an analyte with a binding partner therefor, as determined by binding to a sensor chip coupled with a binding partner for the analyte. The present invention is based on the concept of determining solution affinity and/or kinetic properties for the interaction between an analyte and its binding partner by using apparatus permitting the analysis of surface interactions. More particularly, the invention is based on measuring the variation of analyte concentrations with time where equilibrium conditions have not been reached. According to the invention, solution affinity and kinetic properties of the interaction may be determined by mixing the reaction partners with each other and monitoring the free concentration of the analyte by measuring the interaction of the free analyte with a sensor surface supporting a binding partner, or receptor, for the analyte which may be the binding partner or an analogue thereto. Alternatively, the free concentration of the binding partner may be monitored by measuring the interaction of the free binding partner with a sensor surface supporting the analyte, or an analogue thereto. In still another alternative, the free concentrations of both the analyte and the binding partner are monitored by measuring their binding to respective sensor surfaces supporting binding partner, or analogue, and immobilized analyte, or analogue, respectively. In a preferred embodiment, the reaction solution is contacted sequentially with a series of sensor surfaces, so that the reaction solution is first contacted with one sensor surface, and then after some time, for instance 10 seconds to 6 minutes, with another sensor surface, and optionally with one or more additional sensor surfaces after appropriate time delays. The combined measurement results will then give information of analyte and/or binding partner concentration over a wide time range. Preferably, the receptor concentration is the same on the different sensor surfaces. Contacting the sample with several sensor surfaces will also simplify the processing of measurement data as it will only be necessary to measure initial reaction rates. In one aspect of the invention, association rate characteristics may be analysed by mixing the analyte and the binding partner, and before the reaction mixture has reached equilibrium, contacting the reaction solution with the sensor surface or surfaces. In another aspect of the invention, dissociation rate characteristics may be analysed by diluting a reacted analyte/binding partner complex at equilibrium and contacting the diluted solution with the sensor surface or surfaces. The determination of the concentration of free analyte and/or binding partner may be determined by several types of measurements, three of which are mentioned below. In these measurements, the analysis is preferably performed in such a way that only a very small fraction, usually less than 2%, of the free analyte is consumed during analysis. In a first type of measurement, concentration analysis is performed during mass transfer limiting conditions as is per se known in the art (see e.g. Sjolander, S., and Urbanisczky, C., Anal. Chem. 63: 2938-2345 (1991)). The binding rate is then proportional to the analyte concentration, or expressed in mathematical terms: dR/dt=k*C(t) which may be written as: C(t)=(dR/dt)/k where R is the detected response at the sensor surface, t is time, k is a constant and C is concentration of free analyte. dR/dt may be determined from the response curves obtained, and k may be determined separately by analysing the binding of known concentrations of analyte to the sensor surface. In a second type of measurement, the analysis is performed at kinetically controlled conditions. The kinetic parameters of the analyte reacting with immobilised binding partner are determined first in a manner known per se in the art (see e.g. Karlsson, R., et al., J. Immunol. Methods 145: 229-240 (1991)). For instance, for a one to one reaction, the surface reaction is defined by: dR/dt=k.sub.ass *C(t)*(R.sub.max -R)-k.sub.diss *R where C is the concentration of free analyte, R is the response, t is time, kass.sub.1 is the association rate constant, k.sub.diss is the dissociation rate constant, and R.sub.max is the response corresponding to maximum analyte binding capacity of the sensor surface. Since only C(t) is unknown, it may be calculated by: C(t)=(dR/dt+k.sub.diss R)/k.sub.ass *(R.sub.max -R) In a third type of measurement, an appropriate previously prepared standard curve or curves are used. It is preferred to perform the measurements in a flow type cell or the like where the reaction solution flows over the sensor surface or surfaces. In such a case, a more accurate or robust analysis may be obtained by carrying out the concentration measurements at varying flow rates (e.g. at 2 and 100 .mu.l/min). This also permits the measurements to be performed at mixed reaction conditions, i.e. where the reaction is neither mass transfer limited nor kinetically controlled. As mentioned above, when a number of sensor surfaces are used, only the initial reaction rates need be measured whereby the data processing is simplified. The detection technique used for measuring the interaction of the free analyte with the binding partner immobilised on the sensor surface may be selected from a variety of surface detection methods wherein a resulting change in a property of the sensor surface is measured. Exemplary of such techniques are those based on mass detecting methods, such as piezoelectric, optical, thermo-optical and surface acoustic wave (SAW) methods, and electrochemical methods, such as potentiometric, voltametric, conductometric, amperometric and capacitance methods. Among optical methods may particularly be mentioned those that detect mass surface concentration or refractive index, such as reflection-optical methods, including both internal and external reflection methods, e.g. ellipsometry and evanescent wave spectroscopy (EWS), the latter including surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy (SPRS), Brewster angle refractometry, critical angle refractometry, frustrated total reflection (FTR), evanescent wave ellipsometry, scattered total internal reflection (STIR), optical wave guide sensors, evanescent wave based imaging, such as critical angle resolved imaging, Brewster angle resolved imaging, SPR angle resolved imaging, etc., as well as methods based on evanescent fluorescence (TIRF) and phosphorescence. Additionally, optical methods based on interference as well as on methods based on surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy and surface enhanced resonance Raman spectroscopy may be mentioned. In the following, the invention is illustrated by a non-limiting Example which describes analyses of the solution interaction between HIV core protein p24 and antibody CB-4/1. |
| PATENT EXAMPLES | This data is not available for free |
| PATENT PHOTOCOPY | Available on request |
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